Methods of Soil Analysis: Physical & Mineralogical Methods (Sssa Book Series No 5)

1206 Pages·2006·126.078 MB·English

by  R. H. Miller (editor), Arnold Klute (editor), C. A. Black (editor), Albert Lee Page (editor)

Published 1986
METHODS OF SOIL ANALYSIS
Part 1, Second Edition
AGRONOMY
A Series of Monographs
The American Society of Agronomy and Academic Press published the first six books in
this series. The General Editor of Monographs 1 to 6 was A. G. Norman. They are available
through Academic Press, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003.
I. C. EDMUND MARSHALL: The Colloid Chemical of the Silicate Minerals. 1949
2. BYRON T. SHAW, Editor: Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Growth. 1952
3. K. D. JACOB, Editor: Fertilizer Technology and Resources in the United States. 1953
4. W. H. PIERRE and A.G. NORMAN, Editors: Soil and Fertilizer Phosphate in Crop Nutri
tion. 1953
5. GEORGE F. SPRAGUE, Editor: Corn and Corn Improvement. 1955
6. J. LEVITT: The Hardiness of Plants. 1956
The Monographs published since 1957 are available from the American Society of Agronomy,
677 S. Segoe Road, Madison, WI 53711.
7. JAMES N. LUTHIN, Editor: Drainage of Agricultural Lands. 1957
8. FRANKLIN A. COFFMAN, Editor: Oats and Oat Improvement. 1961
9. A. KLUTE, Editor: Methods of Soil Analysis. 1986
Part I-Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Second Edition.
A. L. PAGE, R.H. MILLER, and D.R. KEENEY, Editor: Methods of Soil Analysis. 1982
Part 2-Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Second Edition.
10. W. V. BARTHOLOMEW and F. E. CLARK, Editors: Soil Nitrogen. 1965
(Out of print; replaced by no. 22)
11. R. M. HAGAN, H. R. RAISE, and T. W. EDMINSTER, Editors: Irrigation of Agricul-
tural Lands. 1967
12. FRED ADAMS, Editor: Soil Acidity and Liming. Second Edition. 1984
13. E. G. HEYNE, Editor: Wheat and Wheat Improvement. Second Edition. 1987
14. A. A. HANSON and F. V. JUSKA, Editors: Turfgrass Science. 1969
15. CLARENCE H. HANSON, Editor: Alfalfa Science and Technology. 1972
16. J. R. WILCOX, Editor: Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses. Second Edition.
1987
17. JAN VAN SCHILFGAARDE, Editor: Drainage for Agriculture. 1974
18. G. F. SPRAGUE and J. W. DUDLEY, Editors: Corn and Corn Improvement, Third Edi-
tion. 1988
19. JACK F. CARTER, Editor: Sunflower Science and Technology. 1978
20. ROBERT C. BUCKNER and L. P. BUSH, Editors: Tall Fescue. 1979
21. M. T. BEATTY, G. W. PETERSEN, and L. D. SWINDALE, Editors: Planning the Uses
and Management of Land. 1979
22. F. J. STEVENSON, Editor: Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils. 1982
23. H. E. DREGNE and W. 0. WILLIS, Editors: Dryland Agriculture. 1983
24. R. J. KOHEL and C. F. LEWIS, Editors: Cotton. 1984
25. N. L. TAYLOR, Editor: Clover Science and Technology. 1985
26. D. C. RASMUSSON, Editor: Barley. 1985
27. M.A. TABATABAI, Editor: Sulfur in Agriculture. 1986
28. R. A. OLSON and K. J. FREY, Editors: Nutritional Quality of Cereal Grains: Genetic
and Agronomic Improvement. 1987
29. A. A. HANSON, D. K. BARNES, and R. R. HILL, JR., Editors: Alfalfa and Alfalfa
Improvement. 1988
30. B. A. STEWART and D.R. NIELSEN, Editors: Irrigation of Agricultural Crops. 1990
31. JOHN HANKS and J. T. RITCHIE, Editors: Modeling Plant and Soil Systems, 1991
32. D. V. WADDINGTON, R. N. CARROW, and R. C. SHEARMAN, Editors: Turfgrass, 1992
33. H. G. MARSHALL and M. E. SORRELLS, Editors: Oat Science and Technology, 1992
4/28/92
METHODS OF
SOIL ANALYSIS
Part 1
Physical and Mineralogical Methods
Second Edition
Arnold Klute, Editor
Editorial Committee
G. S. Campbell D. R. Nielsen
R. D. Jackson A. Klute, chair
M. M. Mortland
Senior Managing Editor: RICHARD C. DINAUER
Editor-in-Chief ASA Publications: DWAYNE R. BUXTON
Editor-in-Chief SSSA Publications: JOHN J. MORT VEDT
Number 9 (Part 1) in the series
AGRONOMY
American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
Publisher
Madison, Wisconsin USA
1986
Copyright © 1986 by the American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNDER THE U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW OF 1978 (P.L. 94-553)
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Ameri
can Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America assume no responsibility for
statements and opinions advanced by contributors. Trade names are sometimes mentioned in
this publication. No endorsement of these products by the publisher is intended, nor is any
criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.
Reprinted in 1987, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006.
American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
677 South Segoe Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711 USA
ISBN-13: 978-0-89118-811-7
ISBN-10: 0-89118-811-8
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
(Revised for no. 9, pt. 1)
Methods of soil analysis.
(Agronomy; no. 9)
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: pt. 1. Physical and mineralogical methods-pt. 2. Chemical and microbiological
properties.
1. Soils-Analysis-Collected works. I. Page, AL.
(Albert Lee), 1927- . II. Miller, R.H.,
1933- . III. Keeney, Dennis R. IV. Series
S593.M4453 1982 632.4T0287 82-22630
ISBN 0-89118-088-5 (pt. 1)
ISBN 9-89118-072-9 (pt. 2)
Printed in the United States of America.
CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION . xvii
FOREWORD . XIX
PREFACE ... XIX
CONTRIBUTORS XXI
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SI UNITS XXV
1 Errors and Variability of Observations
OSCAR KEMPTHORNE AND R. R. ALLMARAS
1-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1-2 Classificaton of Measurement Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1-3 Scientific Validity of Measurements.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1-4 Characterization of Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1-5 The Estimation of Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1-6 Precision of Derived Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1-7 The Roles of Bias and Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1-8 How to Study Errors of Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1-9 Role of Errors of Observation in the Study of Relationships . . 26
1-10 A Note on Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1-11 Statistical Problems and Techniques in General....... . . . . . . 29
1-12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2 Sampling
R. G. PETERSEN AND L. D. CAL VIN
2-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2-2 Variation of Soils...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2-3 Sampling Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2-4 Sources of Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2-5 Subsampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2-6 Composite Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2-7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3 Geostatistical Methods Applied to Soil Science
A. W. WARRICK, D. E. MYERS, AND D. R. NIELSEN
3-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3-2 Quantification of Spatial Interdependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3-3 Punctual Kriging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3-4 Block Kriging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3-5 Sampling Strategies for Specified Estimation Error . . . . . . . . . . 72
3-6 Further Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3-7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3-8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
V
vi CONTENTS
4 Extraneous Values
W. J. DIXON
4-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4-2 The Problem of Estimation (Use of the Median and Range) . . 84
4-3 Confidence Limits as Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4-4 The Problem of Designating Extraneous Values............. 87
4-5 Recommended Rules for Designating Extraneous Values . . . . . 88
4-6 Recommended Rules for Estimation in the Presence of Extra- 89
neous Values ........................................ .
4-7 Test of Hypotheses (Trimmed and Winsorized t-Tests) . . . . . . . 89
4-8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5 Pretreatment for Mineralogical Analysis
G. W. KUNZE AND J. B. DIXON
5-1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5-2 Removal of Soluble Salts and Carbonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5-3 Removal of Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5-4 Removal of Free Iron Oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5-5 Particle-size Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5-6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6 Oxides, Hydroxides, and Aluminosilicates
MARION L. JACKSON, CHIN H. LIM, AND LUCIAN W. ZELAZNY
6-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6-2 Quartz and Feldspars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6-3 Noncrystalline Aluminosilicates and Hydrous Oxides by Acid 113
Ammonium Oxalate in the Dark ........................ .
6-4 Free Iron-Aluminum Oxides and Hydroxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6-5 Poorly Crystalline Aluminosilicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6-6 Smectite, Vermiculite, and CEC Hysteresis................. 131
6-7 Rutile and Anatase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6-8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7 Thermal Analysis Techniques
K. H. TAN, B. F. HAJEK, AND I. BARSHAD
7-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7-2 Principles of Reactions and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7-3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7-4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8 Petrographic Microscope Techniques
JOHN G. CADY, L. P. WILDING, AND L. R. DREES
8-1 General Introduction................................... 185
8-2 Grains............................................... -186
8-3 Thin Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
CONTENTS vii
8-4 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8-5 Glossary ofMicromorphology Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8-6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
9 Magnetic Methods
M. B. MC BRIDE
9-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
9-2 Magnetic Susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
9-3 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
9-4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
9-5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
10 Electron Microprobe Analysis
B. L. SA WHNEY
10-1 Introduction.......................................... 271
10-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
10-3 Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
10-4 Specimen Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
10-5 Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
10-6 Monte Carlo Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
10-7 Applications in Soil Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
10-8 Reference Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
10-9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
11 Infrared Spectrometry
JOE L. WHITE AND CHARLES B. ROTH
11-1 General Introduction..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
ll-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
11-3 Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
11-4 Functional-group and Qualitative Analysis of Organic 313
Compounds ......................................... .
11-5 Identification and Characterization of Amorphous and Crystal- 315
line Inorganic or Mineral Phases ........................ .
11-6 Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
11-7 Spectral Data Collection and Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
11-8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
12 X-Ray Diffraction Techniques
L. D. WHITTIG AND W. R. ALLARDICE
12-1 General Introduction.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
12-2 Principles of X-ray Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
12-3 Preparation of Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
12-4 X-ray Examination of Samples............... . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
12-5 Criteria For Differentiation of Phyllosilicate Species . . . . . . . . . 351
12-6 Qualitative Interpretation of Diffraction Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
12-7 Quantitative Interpretation of Diffraction Patterns . . . . . . . . . . 356
12-8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
viii CONTENTS
13 Bulk Density
G. R. BLAKE AND K. H. HARTGE
13-1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
13-2 Core Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
13-3 Excavation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
13-4 Clod Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
13-5 Radiation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
13-6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
14 Particle Density
G. R. BLAKE AND K. H. HARTGE
14-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
14-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
14-3 Pycnometer Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
14-4 Submersion Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9
14-5 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
14-6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
15 Particle-size Analysis
G. W. GEE AND J. W. BAUDER
15-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
15-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
15-3 Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
15-4 Pipet Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
15-5 Hydrometer Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
15-6 Other Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
15-7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
16 Specific Surface
D. L. CARTER, M. M. MORTLAND, AND W. D. KEMPER
16-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
16-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
16-3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
16-4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
17 Aggregate Stability and Size Distribution
W. D. KEMPER AND R. C. ROSENAU
17-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
17-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
17-3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
17-4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
CONTENTS ix
18 Porosity
R. E. DANIELSON AND P. L. SUTHERLAND
18-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
18-2 Total Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
18-3 Pore Size Distribution.................................. 450
18-4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
19 Penetrability
J. M. BRADFORD
19-1 Introduction.......................................... 463
19-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
19-3 Pocket Penetrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
19-4 Cone Penetrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
19-5 Small-diameter Friction-sleeve Cone Penetrometer . . . . . . . . . . 472
19-6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 77
20 Compressibility
J.M. BRADFORD ANDS. C. GUPTA
20-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 79
20-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
20-3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
20-4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
21 Water Content
WALTER H. GARDNER
21-1 General Introduction................................... 493
21-2 Direct Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
21-3 Indirect Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
21-4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
22 Water Potential: Piezometry
R. C. REEVE
22-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
22-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
22-3 Methods of Installing Piezometers by Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
22-4 Method of Installing Piezometers by Jetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
22-5 Method of Flushing and Testing Piezometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
22-6 Method of Measuring Water Levels in Piezometers . . . . . . . . . . 556
22-7 Method oflnstalling Tensiometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
22-8 Interpretation of Hydraulic-head Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
22-9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
X CONTENTS
23 Water Potential: Tepsiometry
D. K. CASSEL AND A. KLUTE
23-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
23-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
23-3 Field Tensiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
23-4 Laboratory Tensiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
23-5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
24 Water Potential: Thermocouple Psychrometry
STEPHEN L. RAWLINS AND GAYLON S. CAMPBELL
24-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
24-2 Principles of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
24-3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
24-4 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
24-5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
25 Water Potential: Miscellaneous Methods
GA YLON S. CAMPBELL AND GLENDON W. GEE
25-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
25-2 Water Potential Measurements With Electrical Resistance 620
Sensors ............................................. .
25-3 Water Potential Measurement With Heat Dissipation Sensors 625
25-4 Water Potential Measurement Using the Filter Paper 628
Technique .......................................... .
25-5 Water Potential Measurement Using Vapor Equilibration . . . . 631
25-6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
26 Water Retention: Laboratory Methods
A. KLUTE
26-1 General Introduction.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
26-2 Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
26-3 Wetting Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
26-4 Wetting of Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
26-5 Temperature Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
26-6 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
26-7 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
26-8 Other Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
26-9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
27 Water Retention: Field Methods
R. R. BRUCE AND R. J. LUXMOORE
27-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
27-2 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
27-3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
27-4 Data Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
27-5 Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680