Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs

657 Pages·1987·31.14 MB·English

by  Robert A. Yokel (auth.), Michael A. Bozarth (eds.)

Methods of Assessing the
Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs
Michael A. Bozarth
Editor
Methods of Assessing
the Reinforcing Properties
of Abused Drugs
With 207 Illustrations
Springer- Verlag
New York Berlin Heidelberg
London Paris Tokyo
Michael A. Bozarth
Department of Psychology
State University of New York
at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York 14260
USA
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Methods of assessing the reinforcing properties of
abused drugs.
Includes bibliographies.
I. Drug abuse-Psychological aspects.
2. Psychotropic drugs-Psychological aspects.
3. Reinforcement (Psychology) 4. Psychopharmacology-
Research-Methodology. I. Bozarth, Michael A.
[DNLM: I. Reinforcement (Psychology). 2. Substance
Dependence-psychology. WM 270 M5925]
RC564.M39 1987 616.86'3 87-26310
© 1987 by Springer-VerJag New York Inc.
Softcover reprintofthe hardcover 1st edition 1987
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission
of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts
in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or
hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are
not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and
Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Text prepared by the editor in camera-ready form.
9 8 7 654 3 2 I
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9163-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-4812-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4812-5
FOREWORD
Drug abuse is a major health problem affecting increasingly larger
segments of society. Statistics regarding heroin addiction show that the
number of addicts has remained stable for the past decade, but data regarding
the use of cocaine reveal a current epidemic with over 5 million Americans
using cocaine on a regular basis. With the increased availability of new, less
expensive forms of cocaine accompanied by a change in the route of
administration (i.e., increased number of people smoking cocaine) and by a
change in the social acceptability of its recreational use, a continued rise in
cocaine addiction is expected throughout this decade. In addition, there are
pronounced cyclic variations in the incidence of abusing other drugs such as
phencyclidine, methaqualone, and diazepam.
Traditional views of drug abuse have focused on a variety of factors
ranging from genetic to psychodynamic theories. Attempts have been made both
to explain drug addiction case-by-case (i.e., develop special theories for each
class of abused drug) and to formulate a unifying theory that would include a
wide variety of drug classes. The opioids have long been studied as a
prototypical class of addictive drugs, and early work focused on the
physiological dependence produced by the repeated administration of these
drugs. This research provided the basis for one of the first theories that
attempted to explain addiction to several classes of drugs based on a single
variable--addiction to opioids, ethanol, and barbiturates are all accompanied
by strong signs of physiological dependence, and drug-taking behavior was
suggested to evolve from the ability of these drugs to abate the withdrawal
discomfort associated with abstinence. This theory, emphasizing the
physiological dependence produced by these drugs, was very important because it
focused on empirical (and not psychodynamic) factors involved in drug
addiction.
In the 1960s three major developments helped shape the current view of
drug addiction. First, definitions of drug addiction shifted from emphasis on
physiological dependence to emphasis on the drug-taking behavior itself. That
is, it was recognized that the defining characteristic of an addiction is not
the development of physiological dependence but rather the development of
compulsive drug-taking behavior. Second, specific psychometric scales were
developed to quantify the subjective effects of abused drugs (e.g., the
Addiction Research Center Inventory), and considerable attention focused on the
mood-altering properties of these drugs. This revealed that a number of
addictive drugs share an ability to elevate mood and produce "pleasant"
affective changes. Third, experimental techniques were developed that permit
studying drug self-administration in laboratory animals. These animals are
presumed not to suffer from any predisposing psychological tendencies (e.g.,
addicti ve personalities, psychoneuroses) , and operant conditioning paradigms
have shown that an animal's behavior can be controlled by addictive drugs in
much the same manner that food or water can control the behavior of a hungry or
thirsty animal. These three factors led to a reassessment of traditional views
of drug addiction and helped develop a more empirically oriented, scientific
perspective for studying drug addiction.
Considerable research during the past two decades has focused on studying
the reinforcing properties of abused drugs. This has led to the development of
a number of techniques for assessing drug reward. Many of the procedures
involve directly measuring the reinforcing property of a drug (e.g., drug self-
administration in both laboratory animals and humans), while other methods
- v -
study a variety of factors that appear to correspond to drug reinforcement
(e.g., subjective effects in humans and drug discrimination in animals). The
study of drug reinforcement contributes not only to the screening of new
compounds for addiction liability but also to a basic understanding of drug
addiction. In addition, studying the ability of pharmacological agents to
control behavior may reveal important insights into the nature of brain
mechanisms underlying basic motivational processes.
The main objective of this book is to create a compendium of the methods
currently used to assess drug reinforcement by providing synopses of these
diverse procedures in a single reference. Each of the major methods of
studying drug reinforcement has been summarized, and applications of these
techniques are illustrated. Although the specific applications of these
methods may vary, the methodological considerations outlined in this book
should provide a lasting framework for interpreting the results of current
experimental findings.
A number of people have contributed to the development of this book.
First, the participants in the 1983 Satellite Symposium held in conjunction
with the Society for Neuroscience Meeting in Boston provided the initial
encouragement that such a book would make an important contribution to research
in this field--the success of the interdisciplinary symposium reinforced the
notion that individual researchers could greatly benefit from learning about
the work done using different methods to address a common problem. Second,
Margaret Hamilton and Jim Dalton are thanked for proof reading sections of the
book; the elusive typographical errors and omissions that invariably appear in
such a volume have been greatly reduced by their efforts. Finally, the
encouragement and editorial skills of Valarie Harlan Bozarth are gratefully
acknowledged. The fruit of her commitment to facilitating the presentation of
scientific material to a diverse audience can be found throughout the pages of
this book.
Support for some phases of manuscript preparation came from grants from
the National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S.A.) and the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council (Canada).
Michael A. Bozarth
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CONTENTS
Foreword v
List of Contributors xi
SELF-ADMINISTRATION STUDIES
Chapter 1 : Intravenous self-administration: Response rates,
the effects of pharmacological challenges, and
drug preferences
Robert A. Yokel
Chapter 2: Screening for drug reinforcement using intravenous
self-administration in the rat
James R. Weeks & R. James Collins 35
Chapter 3: Assessing drugs for abuse liability and dependence
potential in laboratory primates
J. V. Brady" R. R. Griffiths, R. D. Hienz,
N. A. Ator, S. E. Lukas, & R. J. Lamb 45
Chapter 4: Interpretation of lesion effects on stimulant
self-administration
D. C. S. Roberts & K. A. Zito 87
Chapter 5: Second-order schedules of drug injection
Jonathan L. Katz & Steven R. Goldberg • • 105
Chapter 6: Intravenous drug self-administration: A special
case of positive reinforcement
Roy A. Wise •• ••••••• •• • 117
Chapter 7: Oral drug self-administration: Drugs as
reinforcers
Richard A. Meisch & Marilyn E. Carroll • • • • • 143
Chapter 8: Oral self-administration of alcohol: A valid
approach to the study of drug self-administration
and human alcoholism
Z. Amit, B. R. Smith, & E. A. Sutherland. • • • •••• 161
Chapter 9: Intracranial self-administration procedures for
the assessment of drug reinforcement
Michael A. Bozarth • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 173
Chapter 10: Prediction of drug abuse liability from animal
studies
Tomoji Yanagita • • • • • 189
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CONDITIONING STUDIES
Chapter 11: Conditioned reinforcement as a measure of the
rewarding properties of drugs
W. Marvin Davis & Stanley G. Smith •••• • • • • • 199
Chapter 12: Reinstatement of drug-taking behavior as a method
of assessing incentive motivational properties of
drugs
Jane Stewart & Harriet de Wit • • • • • 211
Chapter 13: Place conditioning: A simple and effective method
for assessing the motivational properties of drugs
Derek van del' Kooy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 229
Chapter 14: Condi tioned place preference: A parametric
analysis using systemic heroin injections
Michael A. Bozarth • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 241
Chapter 15: Anatomical and neurochemical substrates of drug
reward determined by the conditioned place
preference technique
Anthony G. Phillips & Hans C. Fibiger •••••• • • • • • 275
DRUG DISCRIMINATION STUDIES
Chapter 16: Applications and limitations of the drug
discrimination method for the study of drug abuse
Donald A. Overton ••••••••••••••••••• 291
Chapter 17: Drug discrimination: Methods of manipulation,
measurement, and analysis
Francis C. Colpaert •••••••••••••••••••• 341
Chapter 18: The study of structure-activity relationships
using drug discrimination methodology
Richard A. Glennon & Richard Young • • • • • • • • • • • • • 373
BRAIN STIMULATION REWARD STUDIES
Chapter 19: Tests involving pressing for intracranial
stimUlation as an early procedure for screening
likelihood of addiction of opioids and other drugs
Larry D. Reid • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••• 391
Chapter 20: Brain-stimulation reward: Measurement and mapping
b~4 psychophysical techniques and quantitative 2-
[ Cl deoxyglucose autoradiography
Ralph U. Esposito, Linda J. Porrino, &
Thomas F. Seeger ••••••••• • • • • • 421
Chapter 21: A comparison of two methods designed to rapidly
estimate thresholds of rewarding brain stimulation
George Fouriezos & Edward Nawiesniak • • • • • • • • • • • • 447
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Chapter 22: A multi functional on-line brain stimulation
system: Investigation of alcohol and aging effects
Michael J. Lewis & Richard W. Phelps •••••••••••• 463
Chapter 23: Combined microinjection and brain stimulation
reward methodology for the localization of
reinforcing drug effects
ChI'is L. E. Broekkamp • • • • • 479
ASSESSMENT IN HUMANS
Chapter 24: Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI):
Measurement of euphoria and other drug effects
Charles A. Haertzen & John E. Hickey • • • • • • • • 489
Chapter 25: Operant analysis of human drug self-
administration: Marihuana, alcohol, heroin, and
polydrug use
Nancy K. Mello & Jack H. Mendelson • • • • • • 525
Chapter 26: A drug preference procedure for use with human
volunteers
H. de Wit & C. E. Johanson • • • • • • • • • 559
Chapter 27: Clinical procedures for the assessment of abuse
potential
Jack E. Henningfield, Rolley E. Johnson, &
Donald R. Jasinski • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 573
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 28: Operationalizing and measuring the organizing
influence of drugs on behavior
Norman M. White, Claude Messier, & Geoffrey D. Carr •••• 591
Chapter 29: The mouse as a subject in the study of neural
mechanisms of reward
Hugh E. Criswell •••• •••••••• 619
Chapter 30: An overview of assessing drug reinforcement
Michael A. Bozarth • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 635
- ix -
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Zalman Amit Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology,
Department of Psychology, Concordia University,
1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard West, Montreal, Quebec
H3G 1M8 CANADA
Nancy A. Ator Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SCiences,
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 U.S.A.
Michael A. Bozarth Department of Psychology, State University of New York
at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260 U.S.A.
Joseph V. Brady Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine,
720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 U.S.A.
Chris L. E. Broekkamp Organon International BV, P.O.B. 20, 5240 OH OSS
HOLLAND
Geoffrey D. Carr Department of Psychology, University of British
Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Y7 CANADA
Marilyn E. Carroll Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Box
392 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street S.E.,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 U.S.A.
R. James ColI ins The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001 U.S.A.
Francis C. Colpaert Department of Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceutica
Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse BELGIUM
,Hugh E. Cri swell Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State
University, Box 21970A, Johnson City, Tennessee
37614 U.S.A.
W. Marvin Davis Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi,
School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi 38677
U.S.A.
Harriet de Wit Department of Psychiatry, Drug Abuse Research Center,
The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue,
Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A.
Ralph U. Esposito Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism, National Institute
of Mental Health, Building 36, Room 1A-27,
9600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20205 U.S.A.
Hans C. Fibiger Department of Psychiatry, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1W5 CANADA
George J. Fouriezos University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, Ottawa,
Ontario K1N 6N5 CANADA
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Richard A. Glennon Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy,
Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth
University, P.O. Box 581, Richmond, Virginia 23298
U.S.A.
Steven R. Goldberg Preclinical Pharmacology Branch, NIDA Addiction
Research Center, P.O. Box 5180, Baltimore, Maryland
21224 U.S.A.
Roland R. Griffiths Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine,
720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 U.S.A.
Charles A. Haertzen NIDA Addiction Research Center, P.O. Box 5180,
Baltimore, Maryland 21224 U.S.A.
Jack E. Henningfield NIDA Addiction Research Center, Francis Scott Key
Medical Center, 4940 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore,
Maryland 21224 U.S.A.
John E. Hickey NIDA Addiction Research Center, P.O. Box 5180,
Baltimore, Maryland 21224 U.S.A.
R. D. Hienz Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine,
720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 U.S.A.
Donald R. Jasinski Center for Chemical Dependence, Francis Scott Key
Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 U.S.A.
Chris E. Johanson Department of Psychiatry, Drug Abuse Research Center,
The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue,
Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A.
Rolley E. Johnson NIDA Addiction Research Center, P.O. Box 5180,
Baltimore, Maryland 21224 U.S.A.
Jonathan L. Katz Preclinical Pharmacology Branch, NIDA Addiction
Research Center, P.O. Box 5180, Baltimore, Maryland
21224 U.S.A.
Richard J. Lamb Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine,
720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 U.S.A.
Michael J. Lewis Department of Psychology, Howard University,
Washington, D.C. 20059 U.S.A.
Scott E. Lukas Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Harvard
Medical School - McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street,
Belmont, Massachusetts 02178 U.S.A.
Richard A. Meisch Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Box
392 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street S.E.,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 U.S.A.
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