METHODS AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH Thisbookgivesanup-to-dateoverviewofmethodologicalanddata- analytical issues of cross-cultural studies. Written by leading experts in the field, it presents the most important tools for doing cross- cultural research and outlines design considerations, methods, and analytical techniques that can improve ecological validity and help researcherstoavoidpitfallsincross-culturalpsychology.Byfocusing ontherelevantresearchquestionsthatcanbetackledwithparticular methods, it provides practical guidance on how to translate concep- tual questions into decisions on study design and statistical tech- niques. Featuring examples from cognitive and educational assessment, personality, health, and intercultural communication and management, and illustrating key techniques in feature boxes, this concise and accessible guide is essential reading for researchers, graduatestudents,andprofessionalswhoworkwithculture-compar- ative data. . . (–) studied psychology at Tilburg University, the Netherlands, where he received his PhD in . He held a chair in cross-cultural psychology at Tilburg University. He held extraordinary chairs at North-West University, SouthAfrica,andtheUniversityofQueensland,Australia,aswellas apositionofseniorresearcherattheHigherSchoolofEconomicsin Moscow, Russia. He was vice-dean for research and vice-dean for education of his faculty at Tilburg University, and vice-director of Babylon,theinterdisciplinaryresearchcenterforstudiesofmulticul- tural societiesat TilburgUniversity. He has authored more than publications, mainly in the domain of cross-cultural psychology. His main research topics included bias and equivalence, psychological acculturation and mul- ticulturalism, similarities and differences in the cognitive domain, response styles, translations and adaptations, and personality. His books, published together with colleagues, include Cross-Cultural Survey Methods (), Families Across Cultures: A -Nation Psychological Study (), Multilevel Analysis of Individuals and Cultures (), Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology (), Fundamental Questions in Cross-Cultural Psychology (), and Behavior-Based Assessment in Psychology: Going Beyond Self-Report in the Personality, Affective, Motivation, and Social Domains (). He supervised more than forty PhD studies and ten postdoctoral studies. He taught subjects in cross-cultural psychology, methods, and statistics. He presented keynotes and invited lectures at various conferencesandworkshopsaroundtheworld.Heisoneofthemost frequently cited cross-cultural psychologists. He was editor of the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and served on the editorial board of various other journals, including Parenting, Child Development, Psychology and Developing Societies, Survey Research Methods, and the European Journal of Psychological Assessment.Heservedas anadhocreviewerformore than journals. He was president of the International Association for Cross- Cultural Psychology, the European Association of Psychological Assessment, and Division (Assessment and Evaluation) of the International Association of Applied Psychology. He was an active member of a number of professional organiza- tions: the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, the International Association of Applied Psychology, the European Association of Psychological Assessment, the International Academy for Intercultural Research, the International Test Commission, and the World Association for Personality Psychology. He was also a member of the Social Science Council of the Royal Dutch Academy ofSciences. He was the recipient of the International Award of the American Psychological Association(forcontributionstointernational cooper- ationandtotheadvancementofknowledgeofpsychology)in, and of the IAAP Fellows Award of the International Association of AppliedPsychology(forcontributionstoappliedpsychology)andthe Sindbad Award of the Dutch Psychological Association (for contri- butions tointercultural psychology) in. (–)receivedhisbachelor’sdegreeinbiology fromtheChineseUniversityofHongKonginandhisPhDin psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA,in.HeheldchairsconsecutivelyattheChineseUniversity ofHongKongandtheCityUniversityofHongKong.Heservedas head of the Department of Management at the City University of HongKongandwasChoh-MingLiProfessorofManagementatthe Chinese University of Hong Kong. He has authored more than publications and mentored at leastdoctoralstudents.Hedeliveredkeynotespeechesandchaired symposia at many international conferences. He presented invited colloquiaat majoruniversities around the world. His main areas of research included justice and conflict, creativity, international management and business, negotiation, harmony main- tenance, social axioms, and cross-cultural research methods. He also madecontributionstotheliteratureone-commerce,innovation,qual- ityoflife,andunemployment.Hisbooks,publishedwithcollaborators, includeCross-CulturalManagement:FoundationsandFuture(), HandbookofAsianManagement(),andPsychologicalAspectsof SocialAxioms:UnderstandingGlobalBeliefSystems(). HewasakeyfoundingmemberoftheAsianAssociationofSocial Psychologyin.Heservedasitspresidentandorganizedsummer andwinterschoolsfordoctoralstudents.Heservedastheprincipalof theschoolsheldinKotaKinabalu,Malaysia()andNewDelhi, India (). He was involved in setting up the Asian Journal of Social Psychology and servedas itseditor. He was a deputy editor of the Journal of International Business StudiesandManagementandOrganizationReview,andanassociate editor of the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Asia Pacific Journal of Management. He was on the editorial board of various journals, including the Journal of Management and Organizational Behaviorand Human Decision Processes. He was president of the International Association of Cross- Cultural Psychology and chair of the Research Methods Division of theAcademy ofManagement. He received the Highly Commended Award by Emerald Publishing for a paper published in the International Journal of Conflict Management, and the Misumi Award by the Asian Association of Social Psychology for a paper published in the Asian Journal ofSocialPsychology. He was a fellow of the Academy of International Business, Association for Psychological Science, International Academy of Intercultural Research, and HongKongPsychological Society. Series Editor David Matsumoto, San Francisco State University As an increasing number of social scientists come to recognize the pervasive influence of culture on individual human behavior, it has become imperative forculturetobeincludedas an important variableinallaspects ofpsychological research, theory, and practice. Culture and Psychology is an evolving series of works that brings the study of culture and psychology into a single, unified concept. UteSchönpflug,Cultural Transmission: Psychological,Developmental,Social, and MethodologicalAspects Evert Van de Vliert, Climate, Affluence, and Culture David MatsumotoandFonsJ.R.van deVijver, Cross-CulturalResearch Methods in Psychology AngelaK.-y.Leung,Chi-yueChiuandYing-yiHong,CulturalProcesses:ASocial Psychological Perspective Romin W.Tafarodi,Subjectivity inthe Twenty-FirstCentury: Psychological, Sociological, and Political Perspectives Yair Neuman, Introduction to Computational Cultural Psychology John W. Berry, Mutual InterculturalRelations Ronald Fischer,Personality, Values, Culture:An Evolutionary Approach George Ellis and Mark Solms, Beyond Evolutionary Psychology: How and Why Neuropsychological Modules Arise Michael Bender and Byron Adams, Methods and AssessmentinCultureand Psychology Fons J. R.van deVijver and Kwok Leung, Methods and Data Analysisfor Cross-Cultural Research METHODS AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH Second Edition FONS J. R. VAN DE VIJVER TilburgUniversity,theNetherlands North-WestUniversity,SouthAfrica UniversityofQueensland,Australia KWOK LEUNG ChineseUniversityofHongKong Editors velichko h. fetvadjiev UniversityofAmsterdam jia he TilburgUniversity johnny r. j. fontaine GhentUniversity UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,thFloor,NewYork,,USA WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,,Australia –,rdFloor,Plot,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–,India AnsonRoad,#–/,Singapore CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org\\ :./ ©FonsJ.R.vandeVijver,KwokLeung,VelichkoH.Fetvadjiev,JiaHe,JohnnyR.J.Fontaine Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. FirsteditionpublishedbySagePublications,Inc Secondeditionpublished ©TheEstateofProfessorFonsJ.R.vandeVijverandtheEstateofProfessorKwokLeung AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Vijver,FonsJ.R.vande.,author. :Methodsanddataanalysisforcross-culturalresearch/FonsJ.R.vandeVijver, KwokLeung,VelichkoH.Fetvadjiev,JiaHe,JohnnyR.J.Fontaine :Secondedition.|NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,.| Series:Cultureandpsychology|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. :(print)|(ebook)| (hardback)|(paperback)| (epub) ::Ethnopsychology. :.(print)|(ebook)|./– LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/ LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/ ----Hardback ----Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. METHODS AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH Thisbookgivesanup-to-dateoverviewofmethodologicalanddata- analytical issues of cross-cultural studies. Written by leading experts in the field, it presents the most important tools for doing cross- cultural research and outlines design considerations, methods, and analytical techniques that can improve ecological validity and help researcherstoavoidpitfallsincross-culturalpsychology.Byfocusing ontherelevantresearchquestionsthatcanbetackledwithparticular methods, it provides practical guidance on how to translate concep- tual questions into decisions on study design and statistical tech- niques. Featuring examples from cognitive and educational assessment, personality, health, and intercultural communication and management, and illustrating key techniques in feature boxes, this concise and accessible guide is essential reading for researchers, graduatestudents,andprofessionalswhoworkwithculture-compar- ative data. . . (–) studied psychology at Tilburg University, the Netherlands, where he received his PhD in . He held a chair in cross-cultural psychology at Tilburg University. He held extraordinary chairs at North-West University, SouthAfrica,andtheUniversityofQueensland,Australia,aswellas apositionofseniorresearcherattheHigherSchoolofEconomicsin Moscow, Russia. He was vice-dean for research and vice-dean for education of his faculty at Tilburg University, and vice-director of Babylon,theinterdisciplinaryresearchcenterforstudiesofmulticul- tural societiesat TilburgUniversity. He has authored more than publications, mainly in the domain of cross-cultural psychology. His main research topics included bias and equivalence, psychological acculturation and mul- ticulturalism, similarities and differences in the cognitive domain, response styles, translations and adaptations, and personality. His books, published together with colleagues, include Cross-Cultural Survey Methods (), Families Across Cultures: A -Nation Psychological Study (), Multilevel Analysis of Individuals and Cultures (), Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology (), Fundamental Questions in Cross-Cultural Psychology (), and Behavior-Based Assessment in Psychology: Going Beyond Self-Report in the Personality, Affective, Motivation, and Social Domains (). He supervised more than forty PhD studies and ten postdoctoral studies. He taught subjects in cross-cultural psychology, methods, and statistics. He presented keynotes and invited lectures at various conferencesandworkshopsaroundtheworld.Heisoneofthemost frequently cited cross-cultural psychologists. He was editor of the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and served on the editorial board of various other journals, including Parenting, Child Development, Psychology and Developing Societies, Survey Research Methods, and the European Journal of Psychological Assessment.Heservedas anadhocreviewerformore than journals. He was president of the International Association for Cross- Cultural Psychology, the European Association of Psychological Assessment, and Division (Assessment and Evaluation) of the International Association of Applied Psychology. He was an active member of a number of professional organiza- tions: the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, the International Association of Applied Psychology, the European Association of Psychological Assessment, the International Academy for Intercultural Research, the International Test Commission, and the World Association for Personality Psychology. He was also a member of the Social Science Council of the Royal Dutch Academy ofSciences. He was the recipient of the International Award of the American Psychological Association(forcontributionstointernational cooper- ationandtotheadvancementofknowledgeofpsychology)in, and of the IAAP Fellows Award of the International Association of AppliedPsychology(forcontributionstoappliedpsychology)andthe Sindbad Award of the Dutch Psychological Association (for contri- butions tointercultural psychology) in. (–)receivedhisbachelor’sdegreeinbiology fromtheChineseUniversityofHongKonginandhisPhDin psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA,in.HeheldchairsconsecutivelyattheChineseUniversity ofHongKongandtheCityUniversityofHongKong.Heservedas head of the Department of Management at the City University of HongKongandwasChoh-MingLiProfessorofManagementatthe Chinese University of Hong Kong. He has authored more than publications and mentored at leastdoctoralstudents.Hedeliveredkeynotespeechesandchaired symposia at many international conferences. He presented invited colloquiaat majoruniversities around the world. His main areas of research included justice and conflict, creativity, international management and business, negotiation, harmony main- tenance, social axioms, and cross-cultural research methods. He also madecontributionstotheliteratureone-commerce,innovation,qual- ityoflife,andunemployment.Hisbooks,publishedwithcollaborators, includeCross-CulturalManagement:FoundationsandFuture(), HandbookofAsianManagement(),andPsychologicalAspectsof SocialAxioms:UnderstandingGlobalBeliefSystems(). HewasakeyfoundingmemberoftheAsianAssociationofSocial Psychologyin.Heservedasitspresidentandorganizedsummer andwinterschoolsfordoctoralstudents.Heservedastheprincipalof theschoolsheldinKotaKinabalu,Malaysia()andNewDelhi, India (). He was involved in setting up the Asian Journal of Social Psychology and servedas itseditor. He was a deputy editor of the Journal of International Business StudiesandManagementandOrganizationReview,andanassociate editor of the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Asia Pacific Journal of Management. He was on the editorial board of various journals, including the Journal of Management and Organizational Behaviorand Human Decision Processes. He was president of the International Association of Cross- Cultural Psychology and chair of the Research Methods Division of theAcademy ofManagement. He received the Highly Commended Award by Emerald Publishing for a paper published in the International Journal of Conflict Management, and the Misumi Award by the Asian Association of Social Psychology for a paper published in the Asian Journal ofSocialPsychology. He was a fellow of the Academy of International Business, Association for Psychological Science, International Academy of Intercultural Research, and HongKongPsychological Society.