Methodology of Teaching Science

185 Pages·2010·9.851 MB·English

by  Sonika Rajan

Methodology of
Teaching Science
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Methodology of
Teaching Science
Sonika Rajan
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Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd
Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia
No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the
publisher’s prior written consent.
This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The
publisher reserves the right to remove any material present in this eBook at any time.
ISBN 9788131770221
eISBN 9788131799000
Head Office: A-8(A), Sector 62, Knowledge Boulevard, 7th Floor, NOIDA 201 309, India
Registered Office: 11 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India
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Contents
Preface x
About the Author xii
1. Science as a School Subject 1
Introduction 1
Nature of Science 1
Science as a Process 2
Science as a Product 3
Importance and Values of Science 3
Science Education in India 5
Summary 7
Questions 7
2. Aims and Objectives of Teaching Science 8
Introduction 8
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives 9
I. Cognitive Domain (Knowledge and Intellectual Skill) 10
II. Affective Domain 11
III. Psychomotor Domain 12
Writing the Teaching Objectives in Behavioural Terms 13
Behavioural Objectives in Cognitive Domain 14
Behavioural Objectives in Affective Domain 14
Behavioural Objectives in Psychomotor Domain 14
T he Importance and Need for Writing the Objectives in
Behavioural Terms 15
Summary 15
Questions 15
3. Instructional Planning in Science Teaching 16
Introduction 16
Need for Instructional Planning 16
Types of Instructional Planning 17
Steps in Instructional Planning 18
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vi Contents
1. Content Analysis 18
2. Presentation of the Content 19
3. Teaching Aids 20
4. Specifi c Tasks for One Period 20
Summary 20
Questions 21
4. Methods of Teaching Science 22
Introduction 22
Selection of an Appropriate Method 23
Methods of Teaching Science 23
1. Lecture Method 23
2. Demonstration Method 25
3. Lecture-cum-Demonstration Method 27
4. Laboratory Method 28
5. Heuristic Method 29
6. Project Method 30
7. Problem Solving Method 32
8. Assignment Method 33
9. Question Answer Method 35
10. Role Playing Method 36
11. Brain Storming Method 38
Summary 39
Questions 39
5. Unit Planning and Lesson Planning 41
Introduction 41
Unit Planning 41
Lesson Planning 44
Summary 50
Questions 51
6. Teaching Aids in Science 52
Introduction 52
Need and Importance of Teaching Aids 52
Types of Teaching Aids 53
I. On the Basis of the Sense Organs Involved 53
II. On the Basis of the Size of Learner Groups 53
III. On the Basis of Learners’ Control over Teaching Aids 54
IV. On the Basis of the Experience Provided by an Aid 54
Dale’s Cone of Experience 55
Effective Use of Teaching Aids 63
Summary 64
Questions 65
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Contents vii
7. Curriculum in Science 66
Introduction 66
A ims of Science Education and Curriculum Organization—Critical
Analysis 67
I. Primary Stage 67
II. Middle Stage 67
III. Secondary Stage 68
IV. Senior Secondary Stage 68
Principles of Curriculum Construction 69
I. Principle of Child Centeredness 70
II. Principle of Integration of Science 70
III. Principle of Flexibility 70
IV. Principle of Community Centeredness 71
V. Principle of Activity Centeredness 71
VI. Principle of Creativity 71
VII. Principle of Preservation of Culture 71
Summary 71
Questions 72
8. Science Laboratory 73
Introduction 73
Importance of a Science Laboratory 74
Characteristics of a Good Science Laboratory 74
Ideal Science Laboratory Design 79
Guidelines for Teachers 79
Maintenance of Records 83
Laboratory Discipline 84
Common Accidents and Their Remedies 84
1. Burns 84
2. Cuts 84
3. Eye Injuries 85
4. Poison 85
5. Inhalation of Gases 85
6. Fire 85
Precautions in a Science Laboratory 86
Summary 86
Questions 87
9. Evaluation in Science 88
Introduction 88
Measurement Versus Assessment Versus Evaluation 89
I. Measurement 89
II. Assessment 89
III. Evaluation 89
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viii Contents
Purpose of Evaluation 89
Techniques of Evaluation 90
I. Tools to Measure Cognitive Outcomes 90
II. Tools to Measure Non-Cognitive Outcomes 92
How to Construct a Test? 93
I. Planning the Test 94
II. Framing the Questions 96
III. Administering and Scoring the Test 100
Types of Evaluation 101
I. Diagnostic Test 101
II. Remedial Teaching 102
Summary 102
Questions 103
10. Science Textbook 104
Introduction 104
The Need of the Science Textbook 104
Features of a Good Textbook of Science 105
I. External Features 105
II. Internal Features 106
Evaluation of a Science Textbook 107
Textbook Evaluation by Rating Scale 107
Summary 108
Questions 109
11. Science Teacher 110
Introduction 110
What Does a Science Teacher Do? 110
How to Be an Effective Science Teacher? 111
Summary 113
Questions 113
12. Co-curricular Activities in Science 114
Introduction 114
Science Fairs/Exhibition 115
I. Objectives of Science Fairs 115
II. Organization of a Science Fair 115
Science Museums 116
I. Objectives of a Science Museum 116
II. Organization of a Science Museum 116
Science Clubs 117
I. Objectives of Science Clubs 117
II. Organization of a Science Club 117
III. Activities of a Science Club 118
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Contents ix
IV. Some Investigatory Projects of a Science Club 118
Science Educational Tour 119
I. Objectives of Science Educational Tours 119
II. Organization of a Science Educational Tour 119
Important Considerations for Planning Co-curricular Activities 120
Role of a Teacher in Science Co-curricular Activities 120
Summary 121
Questions 121
Appendices 123
Index 169
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