Metasomatism and the Chemical Transformation of Rock: The Role of Fluids in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Processes

805 Pages·2013·26.21 MB·English

by  Daniel E. Harlov, Håkon Austrheim (auth.)

Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences
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Daniel E. Harlov (cid:129) Ha˚kon Austrheim
Metasomatism and the
Chemical Transformation
of Rock
The Role of Fluids in Terrestrial and
Extraterrestrial Processes
DanielE.Harlov Ha˚konAustrheim
Section3.3 PhysicsofGeologicalProcesses
ChemistryandDeutsches UniversityofOslo
GeoForschungsZentrum-GFZ Oslo
Telegrafenberg Norway
Potsdam
Germany
ISSN2193-8571 ISSN2193-858X(electronic)
ISBN978-3-642-28393-2 ISBN978-3-642-28394-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-28394-9
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012940213
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Contents
1 MetasomatismandtheChemicalTransformationofRock:
Rock-Mineral-FluidInteractioninTerrestrial
andExtraterrestrialEnvironments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DanielE.HarlovandHa˚konAustrheim
2 TheChemicalCompositionofMetasomaticFluids
intheCrust. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 17
BruceW.D.Yardley
3 ThermodynamicModelingandThermobarometry
ofMetasomatizedRocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
PhilippeGoncalves,DidierMarquer,EmilienOliot,
andCyrilDurand
4 StructuralControlsofMetasomatismonaRegionalScale. . . . . . 93
MikeRubenach
5 MechanismsofMetasomatismandMetamorphismontheLocal
MineralScale:TheRoleofDissolution-ReprecipitationDuring
MineralRe-equilibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
AndrewPutnisandHa˚konAustrheim
6 GeochronologyofMetasomaticEvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
IgorM.VillaandMichaelL.Williams
7 EffectsofMetasomatismonMineralSystemsandTheirHostRocks:
AlkaliMetasomatism,Skarns,Greisens,Tourmalinites,
Rodingites,Black-WallAlterationandListevenites. . . . . . . . . . . 203
FrancoPirajno
8 MetasomatismWithintheOceanCrust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
WolfgangBach,NielsJ€ons,andFriederKlein
v
vi Contents
9 MetasomatisminSubductionZonesofSubductedOceanic
Slabs,MantleWedges,andtheSlab-MantleInterface. . . . . . . . . 289
GrayE.Bebout
10 MetasomatismDuringHigh-PressureMetamorphism:
EclogitesandBlueschist-FaciesRocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
ReinerKlemd
11 Prograde,PeakandRetrogradeMetamorphicFluids
andAssociatedMetasomatisminUpperAmphibolite
toGranuliteFaciesTransitionZones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
J.L.R.TouretandT.G.Nijland
12 MantleMetasomatism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
SuzanneY.O’ReillyandW.L.Griffin
13 MappingtheDistributionofFluidsintheCrust
andLithosphericMantleUtilizingGeophysicalMethods. . . . . . . 535
MartynUnsworthandSte´phaneRondenay
14 AHydromechanicalModelforLowerCrustalFluidFlow. . . . . . 599
J.A.D.ConnollyandY.Y.Podladchikov
15 MetasomatismintheEarlySolarSystem:TheRecord
fromChondriticMeteorites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
AdrianJ.BrearleyandAlexanderN.Krot
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
Chapter 1
Metasomatism and the Chemical
Transformation of Rock: Rock-Mineral-Fluid
Interaction in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial
Environments
DanielE.HarlovandHa˚konAustrheim
1.1 Metasomatism
The term metasomatism comes from the Greek metά (meta ¼ change) and sῶma
(soma ¼ body).ThetermwasoriginallycoinedbyC.F.NaumanninLehrbuchder
Mineralogie, published by Engelman in Leipzig in 1826. The current definition of
metasomatism,accordingtotheIUGSSubcommissionontheSystematicsofMeta-
morphicRocks(SSMR),is“ametamorphicprocessbywhichthechemicalcompo-
sitionofarockorrockportionisalteredinapervasivemannerandwhichinvolves
theintroductionand/orremovalofchemicalcomponentsasaresultoftheinteraction
oftherockwithaqueousfluids(solutions).Duringmetasomatismtherockremains
inasolidstate.”MetamorphismcomesfromtheGreekmetά(meta ¼ change)and
morfe(morphe ¼ form)andisdefinedbytheIUGSSSMRas“aprocessinvolving
changesinthemineralcontent/compositionand/ormicrostructureofarock,domi-
nantlyinthesolidstate.Thisprocessismainlyduetoanadjustmentoftherockto
physical conditions that differ from those under which the rock originally formed
andthatalsodifferfromthephysicalconditionsnormallyoccurringatthesurfaceof
theEarthandinthezoneofdiagenesis.Theprocessmaycoexistwithpartialmelting
andmayalsoinvolvechangesinthebulkchemicalcompositionoftherock.”From
thesetwodefinitionsitisobviousthatmetasomatismandmetamorphismofsilicate
rocks are commonly interrelated with each other. However, they can also be
mutually exclusive. For example, metamorphism can be isochemical such that the
chemical and isotopic characteristics of the protolith sedimentary or igneous
D.E.Harlov(*)
Section3.3ChemistryandDeutsches,GeoForschungsZentrum-GFZ,Telegrafenberg,Potsdam
D-14473,Germany
e-mail:[e-mail]
H.Austrheim
PhysicsofGeologicalProcesses(PGP),UniversityofOslo,Blindern,1048,OsloN-0316,Norway
e-mail:[e-mail]
D.E.HarlovandH.Austrheim,MetasomatismandtheChemical 1
TransformationofRock,LectureNotesinEarthSystemSciences,
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-28394-9_1,#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
2 D.E.HarlovandH.Austrheim
lithologies are retained. Also, the chemical changes seen during the high-grade
transition of metamorphic rocks from amphibolite- to granulite-facies, can be due
totheremovaloffluid-richpartialmelts.Incontrast,sedimentdiagensis,fluid-aided
deposition of ore veins or ore deposits, sea floor alteration, and alteration of
surroundingrockbyhotspringsormeteoricfluidsarefluid-dominatedmetasomatic
process,whicharegenerallynotconsideredtobemetamorphic.
Fluid-aided mass transfer and subsequent mineral re-equilibration are the two
definingfeaturesofmetasomatisminsilicaterocksandmustbepresentinorderfor
metamorphismtooccur.Takingintoaccountgeologicaltimescales,theamountof
fluidrequiredneednotbegreat(considerablylessthan0.01%ofthetotalvolumeof
the rock) nor even in continuous flow but the fluid must be able to actively flow
along grain boundaries and be chemically reactive with respect to the minerals it
encounters such that efficient mass transfer is promoted. If the fluids are quite
chemically reactive the possibility exists of fluid flow through the minerals them-
selvesintheformofmigratingfluidinclusionsorporosity(seeChap.14).Natural
observation, coupled with experimental replication and thermodynamic verifica-
tion, allows for insights into the chemistry and physical nature of the
metasomatising fluid as a function of P-T conditions and the general host rock
chemistrytobeobtained.Ingeneral,thelimitedortotalre-equilibrationofsilicate,
oxide,sulfide,andphosphatemineralsduetothepassageoffluidstakesplaceasthe
result ofacoupleddissolution-reprecipitationprocess (see Chap. 5).Evidence for
the passage of fluids through rock can take the form of altered mineral trace-
element chemistry, partial to total re-equilibration of mineral phases, reaction
textures along mineral grain boundaries, and/or trails of fluid inclusions through
minerals.Lackoffluidsgenerallymeanslackofre-equilibrationbetweenminerals
andconsequentlyalackofinformationregardingthetrueP-T-Xhistoryoftherock.
Coupledwithigneousandtectonicprocesses,metasomatismhasplayedamajor
roleintheformationoftheEarth’scontinentalandoceaniccrustandthelithospheric
mantle as well as in their ongoing evolution and consequent mutual relationships
with respect to each other. Metasomatic processes can include ore mineralization
(seeChap.7),alterationofoceaniclithosphere(seeChap.8),andmasstransportin
andalterationofsubductedoceanicandcontinentalcrustandtheoverlyingmantle
wedge (see Chaps. 9 and 10). The latter has subsequent implications for mass
transport, fluid flow, and volatile storage in the lithospheric mantle overall (see
Chap.12),aswellasbothregionalandlocalizedcrustalmetasomatism(seeChap.4).
Metasomaticalterationofaccessoryminerals,suchaszircon,monazite,xenotime,
or apatite or major minerals, such as micas, feldspars, and amphiboles, can allow
for the dating of metasomatic events and gives additional information regarding
the chemistry of the fluids responsible (see Chap. 6). Indications of massive fluid
flow and subsequent total alteration of the original rock include skarns, greisens,
and the serpentinization of oceanic crust (see Chaps. 7 and 8). Evidence for
widespread and pervasive metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle is naturally
coupled withsimilarevidenceinhigh-pressurerockssuchasgranulite-,eclogite-,
andblueschist-faciesrocks(seeChaps.10and11).UndersuchP-Tconditions,the
boundarybetweenwhatisconsideredafluidandwhatisconsideredameltbecomes
1 MetasomatismandtheChemicalTransformationofRock 3
significantlyblurred.Here,criticalandsupercriticalonephaseandmultiphaseCO -
2
H O-NaCl-KCl-CaCl fluids can play an important role with respect in enabling
2 2
mineral reactions such as the solid-state conversion of biotite and amphiboles to
orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene during granulite-facies metamorphism (see
Chap. 11). Evidence for similar fluids in the lithospheric mantle include veins of
obviousmetasomaticoriginthatcontainabundantmegacrystsofapatiteenrichedin
CO andCl.Inthecaseofultramaficmassifs,whichexposelargevolumesofupper
2
mantlematerial,theeffectsoffluidinfiltrationcanbetracedcoherentlyoverscales
ofmeterstokilometers(seeChap.12).Presentdaymovementoffluidsinboththe
lithospheric mantle and deep to middle crust can be observed by geophysical
techniquessuchaselectricalresistivityandseismicmeasurements(seeChap.13).
Suchobservations,alongwithmodeling(seeChap.14),helptofurtherclarifythe
pictureofactualmetasomaticprocessesinferredfrombasicpetrographic,mineral-
ogical,andgeochemicaldata.
Metasomatism and probable metamorphism is not limited to terrestrial
environments but can occur in extraterrestrial environments where H O exists in
2
liquid form. The best studied of these extraterrestrial environments are the
asteroids, for which numerous examples from meteorites exist (see Chap. 15).
This does not exclude other terrestrial worlds such as Mars, Europa ganymede,
Callisto,Enceladus,orTitanonorinwhichH Ocanexistasaliquid.Presumably
2
metasomatismcouldandprobablydoesoccurontheseworlds.InthecaseofMars
boththeSpiritandOpportunityRovershavespentthelast8yearsprovidingample
evidenceforMars’H O-richpast(seehttp://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/).
2
Thegoalofthisvolumeistobringtogetheradiversegroupofexpertsontherole
of fluids in shaping terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments; each of whom is
responsible for a specific chapter covering some aspect of metasomatism. Each
chapterisdesignedtoprovideanup-to-datereviewoftheeffectsofmetasomatism
on both terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. In that respect this volume
shouldberegardedasastartingoffpointforthestudentorprofessionalinterestedin
obtaining a firm foundation regarding the various areas of metasomatism covered
bythechaptersinthisbook.Subsequentlyitshouldserveasabasisforrichresearch
opportunitiesintheyearstocome.Inthefollowingsectionseachofthechaptersis
summarizedpertheuniqueviewpointoftheindividualauthors.
1.2 The Chemical Composition of Metasomatic
Fluids in the Crust: Chapter 2
Any crustal fluid can give rise to metasomatism when it migrates from one rock
typetoanother,andmetasomatismisnormallyassociatedwithpastfluidflowpaths,
suchasfractures,faults,shearzones,orlithologiesthatweremorepermeablethan
those around them. This chapter specifically concerns infiltration metasomatism,
driven by advection of fluids. Fluid compositions can be buffered by local host