Metal Speciation in the Environment PDF
Preview Metal Speciation in the Environment
Metal Speciation in the Environment NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Kluwer Academic Publishers Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York G Ecological Sciences London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong H Cell Biology Barcelona Series G: Ecological Sciences Vol. 23 Metal Speciation in the Environment Edited by J. A. C. Broekaert Institut fUr Spektrochemie und angewandte Spektroskopie (ISAS), Bunsen-Kirchhoff-StraBe 11,4600 Dortmund, FRG Guc;er ~. Department of Chemistry, Inonu University, Art & Science Faculty, 44069 Malatya, Turkey F. Adams Universiteit van Antwerpen (UIA), Departement Scheikunde, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Metal Speciation in the Environment held in Cesme, Turkey, October 9-20,1989 ISBN-13: 978-3-642-74208-8 8-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-74206-4 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-74206-4 This work is subjectto copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 2131/3140-543210 - Printed on acid-free-paper Contents EDITORIAL VIII U. FORSTNER, W. AHLF, W. CALMANO, M. KERSTEN, and J. SCHOER Assessment of Metal Mobility in Sludges and Solid Wastes ............... 1 W.LUND The Complexation of Metal Ions by Humic Substances in Natural Waters ............................................................................................ 43 F.H. FRIMMEL Complexation of Paramagnetic Metal Ions by Aquatic Fulvic Acids .... 57 K. WA LLMANN, W. PETERSEN, and PING LIN LI Study of Lead Fulvic Acid Interactions by Voltammetric Methods .... 71 S.L. PROSSER and R.A. BULMAN Isotachophoretic Investigations into the Speciation of Niobium(V) and Plutonium(IV) in the Presence of Citrate ............................... 79 P.W. LINDER, A. VOYE, and S. COCKS The Effect of Caffeic Acid on the Speciation of Metal Ions in Plant Nutrient Solutions ............................................................. 91 C.F.G.C. GERALDES and M.M.C.A. CASTRO Complexes of Monosaccharides with Metal Ions: Some Bioinorganic and Environmental Inorganic Chemistry Aspects .................................... 105 D. DONNERT, S.H. EBERLE, and J. HORST Kinetic Studies on the Interaction of Metals between Water and Clay Mineral ......................................................................................... 121 C.F. BOUTRON and U. GORLACH The Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Antarctic and Greenland Ancient Ice and Recent Snow .................................................................... 137 K.G. HEUMANN Elemental Species Analyses with Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry... 153 R. CORNELIS Speciation of Trace Elements in Serum or Plasma ................................. 169 VI J. REICHERT, R CZOLK, W. SELLIEN, and H.J. ACHE Chemical Sensors in Environmental Analysis: Ammonium and Cadmium Sensors ....................................................................... 195 J.A.e. BROEKAERT Use of ICP-Spectrometry for Environmental Analysis 213 S. KAY A, T.M. DURRANI, S. GREENFIELD, and J.F. TYSON Prec oncentration of Refractory Elements for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry .................................. 241 W.D. MARSHALL, J.S. BLAIS, and F.e. ADAMS HPLC-AAS Interfaces for the Determination of Ionic Alkyllead, Alkyltin, Arsonium and Selenonium Compounds ........................ 253 B. NEIDHART, M. BLASZKEWICZ, U. BACKES, and G. DIECKMANN Coupling of HPLC and Chemical Reaction Detectors for Trace Analysis of Alkyllead Species .................................................... 275 RJ.A. VAN CLEUVENBERGEN, W.D. MARSHALL, and F.e. ADAMS Speciation of Organolead Compounds by GC-AAS ............................. 307 RD. WILKEN and H. HINTELMANN Analysis of Mercury - Species in Sediments 339 S. DYG, R CORNELIS, B. GRIEPINK, and P. VERBEEK Stability Study of Cr(IlI) and Cr(VI) in Water for Production of an Aqueous Chromium Reference Material ............................................. 361 KJ. IRGOLIC and B.K PURl Organic Arsenic Compounds in Petroleum and Natural Gas ....... 377 G.HENZE Application of Polarographic and Voltammetric Techniques in Environmental Analysis .............................................................. 391 D. KLOCKOW, RD. KAISER, J. KOSSOWSKI, K LARJAV A, J. REITH, and V. SIEMENS Metal Speciation in Flue Gases, Work Place Atmospheres and Precipitation ................................................................. 409 RA. BULMAN, G. SZABO, and A.J. WEDGWOOD Evaluation. of New Organic Phase Extraction Procedures for Studying the Role of Terrestrial Humic Substances in the Speciation of Iron and Plutonium ............................................ 435 VII H. KLOPPEL, W. KORDEL, S. SCHMID, and W. KLEIN Development and Improvement of Analytical Methods for Speci- fication Scheme of AI in the Mobile Soil Phase .................... 447 E. HENDEN and A. CELIK The Analysis of Arsenic in Turkish Coals and Ashes by Photometric Methods and MECA ........................................................................ 461 J. BUFFLE The Ecological Role of Aquatic Organic and Inorganic Components, deduced from their Nature, Circulation and Interactions ..................... 469 W. CALMANO, W. AHLF, and U. FORSTNER Exchange of Heavy Metals Between Sediment Components and Water ................................................................................................ 503 H.B. ROSS Biogeochemical Cycling of Atmospheric Selenium ............................... 523 A. TESSIER and P.G.C. CAMPBELL Partitioning of Trace Metals in Sediments and its Relationship to their Accumulation in Benthic Organisms .................................... 545 M.S. CACECI Environmental Chemistry of the Actinide Elements 571 A. BENASSAR, C. CABOT, M.D. VAZQUEZ, Ch. POSCHENRIEDER, and J. BARCELO Accumulation and Distribution of 99J'c in three Bean Plant Varieties ................................................ 593 F.M. KINDLER and H.E. SEVIM Heavy Metals in Sediments of Turkish River Systems - Natural Background and Anthropogenic Effects ........................................ 601 F. SENGOL, A. TURKMAN Chromium Treatment of Wastewaters by Chemical Methods ............ 613 B.T.O. LEE, N.L. BROWN, S. ROGERS, A. BERGEMANN, J. CAMAKARIS and D.A. ROUCH Bacterial Response to Copper in the Environment: Copper Resistance in Escherichia Coli as a Model System ......................... 625 PANEL DISCUSSIONS 633 K.IRGOLIC Speciation ..................................................................................................... 641 EDITORIAL The environmental persistence, fate and interactive effects with living organisms - beneficial or toxic - of trace elements are directly related to the physico-chemical forms in which they occur. An increasing awareness of this species-specific behaviour, over the course of the past few decades, has triggered the development of new analytical methods, commonly referred to as "speciation". In its broadly accepted sense, speciation may be defined as the qualitative identification and the quantitative determination of the individual chemical forms that comprise the total concentration of a given trace element in a sample. Knowledge on the essential character of chemical compounds up to certain concentration levels and on their toxicity at other concentration levels as well as information about the circulation of chemical compounds through the different compartments of the environment are indispensable for the progress of life sciences. It is now well-known that the interactions of all the partly still unidentified species with plants, animals and man are complex. But their detailed understanding is a most exciting challenge to science, as this will be required for decisions influencing the evolution of life on one side and for the quality of life on the other. Progress in environmental sciences can only be achieved by interdisciplinary research efforts where geologists, biologists, chemists and engineers closely cooperate and define and use one common language. It was the aim of the NATO ASI "Metal Speciation in the Environment" to foster these research endeavours by reporting on the state-of-the-art of the knowledge on the occurence and formation of relevant species of the elements and on their mobility in the different compartments of the environment. For making progress in this field, analytical techniques with which these species can be identified and determined down to the extremely low trace level, are required. For a series of these tasks, analytical tools only now become readily available. Accordingly, it is now of importance to arrive at an exact formulation of the environmental analytical problems to be solved on one hand and to be able to report on progress in environmental analytical techniques enabling the determination of species on the other hand. In the NATO Advanced Study Institute 180/88, which was held from October 9 - 20, 1989 in Cesme (Turkey), participants from 18 countries took active part in the lectures, posters and discussion sessions. The scientific program was organized around three main topics. A first series of problems concerning the dynamic behaviour of metal species in the environment was extensively discussed. A second part of the meeting dealt with processes of metals complexation in the environment while a third part concerned analytical techniques for metal speciation in environmental analysis. These proceedings of the meeting should reflect the state-of-the-art of the knowledge and the methodology available for the speciation of the elements in the environment today. The editors especially want to stress their gratitude to two members of the organization committee, namely to professor D. Klockow from the Institut fur Spektrochemie und angewandte Spektroskopie in Dortmund for his efforts in the preparation of the programme and in the organization of the ASI, as well as to professor Erol Izdar from the University of Izmir. Their active collaboration during the meeting were instrumental for the quality level of the discussions and presentations. ASSESSMENT OF METAL MOBILITY IN SLUDGES AND SOLID WASTES U. Forstner, W. Ahlf, W. Calmano, M. Kersten, and J. Schoer Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg EiBendorferstr. 40 0-2100 Hamburg 90 West Germany 1. Introduction Among the criteria to assess which element or elemental spe cies, beside its toxic potential, may be of major concern in ecological evaluations, one question deserves primary atten tion (Nriagu, 1984): Is the element mobile in geochemical processes because of either its volatility or its solubility in natural water, so that the effect of geochemical perturba tions can propagate through the environment? In this context, "mobility" mostly deserves a negative aspect of environmental "speciation" - here in terms of "describing the distribution and transformation of metal species in various media" (Bern hard et al., 1986) - in that faster transfer from one environ mental medium into another generally involves greater reacti vity and bioavailibility of potentially toxic elements. Problems with solid "speciation" - now with the second meaning of "operational procedures for determining typical metal species in environmental samples" (Bernhard et al., 1986) - are connected to the complexity of heterogenous sy stems, e.g. of soils, sediments and aerosol particles, and to disequilibria between dissolved and particulate fractions. It has been stressed, that due to the important role of kineti cally controlled processes in these systems, the actual speci ation is often different from what can be expected (Andreae et al., 1984). Particularly in polluted solid systems, an even greater increase of entropy will induce a concominant increase in instability in both physical and chemical context; this can mainly be seen in the difficulties in sample handling and sto rage prior to analysis (Wood et al., 1986). On the other hand, it is just these systems, where action is immediately needed NATO AS! Series, Vol. G 23 Metal Speciation in the Environment Edited by J. A. C. Broekaer!, S. Giic;er, and F. Adams o Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990
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