Metabolism of the Nervous System

640 Pages·1957·15.116 MB·English

by  Derek Richter (Eds.)

METABOLISM OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Edited by
DEREK RICHTER
Neuropsychiatrie Research Centre
Whitchurch Hospital, Cardiff
PERGAMON PRESS
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Copyright
©
1957
Pergamon Press Ltd.
Library of Congress Card No. 57-13324
Printed in Great Britain at The Chapel River Press, Andover
PREFACE
contains the proceedings of the 2nd International Neuro-
THIS VOLUME
chemical Symposium, held at Aarhus, Denmark, in July 1956. It represents a
collective effort by a group of investigators working in different fields of research,
but having a common interest in the working of the nervous system in health
and in disease. In the arrangement of the Symposium a small group of
scientists were first invited to prepare reviews on a series of selected topics
deemed to be of outstanding importance in relation to this problem. The
reviews were then supplemented by a limited number of short papers designed
to bring out recent work of special interest, or to add to the diversity of view-
points by reason of the different academic, methodological or geographical
backgrounds of their authors. The data derived from these different sources
were then brought together at the symposium and submitted to detailed critical
discussion.
The responsibility for arranging the Symposium fell on the Organizing
Committee, and they must take the blame for any shortcomings in the scientific
programme. The difficulties of selection and of limitation of numbers in a
conference of this kind are very well known, and in this case the problem was
not made easier by the success of the previous Neurochemical Symposium in
1954. Some who should have been invited were inevitably omitted: but the
whole Committee were unanimously agreed on all the major decisions that had
to be made.
The First Symposium dealt mainly with the embryology and early develop-
ment of the nervous system, and the proceedings were published under the
title 4 Biochemistry of the Developing Nervous System ' (Academic Press,
1955). The Second Symposium supplements and extends the previous one by
giving a fuller account of the metabolism of adult nervous tissues. As before,
the subject has been approached along the broadest possible lines and an
attempt has been made to relate metabolism to structure and function, rather
than to deal exclusively with the biochemistry of nervous tissues. The meeting
proceeded in an atmosphere in which questions could be asked, criticism could
be made and differences of opinion could be thrashed out. There must have
been few who did not learn something fresh from the meeting. From an
editorial point of view, the extent to which the manuscripts originally sub-
mitted needed subsequently to be revised was probably an indication of the
success of the meeting. We are indebted to Dr. G. B. Ansell for his help
with the editorial work.
To our Danish hosts in the University of Aarhus we owe a special debt of
gratitude, not only for their exceptional kindness and hospitality during the
meeting, but also for providing in their fine modern University a perfect setting
for the serious work of the conference. It is a pleasure to express our thanks
to the Rector of Aarhus University, Professor Willy Munck, to Professor
ix
Strömgren, to Professor Einarson and to Professor Sch0nheyder for the im-
portant contributions they made to the success of the meeting. To Dr. Mogens
Schou and his Staff we are also greatly indebted for their help in dealing with
the administrative arrangements for the Symposium.
Cardiff DEREK RICHTER
November 1956
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
IT ISA pleasure to thank the private and governmental agencies who sponsored
the attendance of delegates to the Symposium. These bodies include the
Rockefeller Foundation and the Division of Behavioural Sciences of the Ford
Foundation (grants administered by Columbia University, New York); the
Mental Health Research Fund; the Wellcome Trust; the Academy of Sciences
of the U.S.S.R. ; the French Foreign Office (Relations Culturelles); the University
of Paris; Hessischer Minister für Erziehung und Volksbildung; Auswärtiges
Amt der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Stiftung zur Erforschung der Spinalen
Kinderlähmung und Multiplen Sklerose; Norges Almenvidenskapelige
Forskningsfond; Rask-0rsted Fondet; Aarhus Oliefabriks Fond; the Welsh
Regional Hospitals Board.
We are also indebted to the following for permission to reproduce published
material: The Royal Society; the Journal of Physiology (Cambridge University
Press); the American Journal of Physiology; the Long Island Biological
Association.
÷
Strömgren, to Professor Einarson and to Professor Sch0nheyder for the im-
portant contributions they made to the success of the meeting. To Dr. Mogens
Schou and his Staff we are also greatly indebted for their help in dealing with
the administrative arrangements for the Symposium.
Cardiff DEREK RICHTER
November 1956
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
IT ISA pleasure to thank the private and governmental agencies who sponsored
the attendance of delegates to the Symposium. These bodies include the
Rockefeller Foundation and the Division of Behavioural Sciences of the Ford
Foundation (grants administered by Columbia University, New York); the
Mental Health Research Fund; the Wellcome Trust; the Academy of Sciences
of the U.S.S.R. ; the French Foreign Office (Relations Culturelles); the University
of Paris; Hessischer Minister für Erziehung und Volksbildung; Auswärtiges
Amt der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Stiftung zur Erforschung der Spinalen
Kinderlähmung und Multiplen Sklerose; Norges Almenvidenskapelige
Forskningsfond; Rask-0rsted Fondet; Aarhus Oliefabriks Fond; the Welsh
Regional Hospitals Board.
We are also indebted to the following for permission to reproduce published
material: The Royal Society; the Journal of Physiology (Cambridge University
Press); the American Journal of Physiology; the Long Island Biological
Association.
÷
Second International Neurochemical Symposium
ORGANIZING COMMUTEE
L. EINARSON J. FOLCH-PI D. RICHTER
J. ELKES G. W. HARRIS F. SCHONHEYDER
L. FLEXNER S. S. KETY H. WAELSCH
PARTICIPANTS
L. BAKAY D. A. CLOUET
Mass. General Hospital, Neuropsychiatrie Research Centre,
Boston, Mass. (U.S.A.) Whitchurch Hospital,
Cardiff (U.K.)
H. BAUER
University of Hamjburg, R. V. COXON
Hamburg (Germany) University of Oxford,
Oxford (U.K.)
S. BJÖRKERUD
University of Gothenburg, J. CROSSLAND
Gothenburg (Sweden) Physiology Department,
St. Andrews (U.K.)
P. B. BRADLEY
University of Birmingham, J. N. CUMINGS
Birmingham (U.K.) National Hospital,
London (U.K.)
G. BRANTE
Centrallasarettet, S. DARLING
Aarhus University,
Eskilstuna (Sweden)
Aarhus (Denmark)
S.-O. BRATTGÂRD
University of Gothenburg, G. B. DAVID
Neuropsychiatrie Research Centre,
Gothenburg (Sweden)
Whitchurch Hospital,
J. B. BRIERLEY Cardiff (U.K.)
Institute of Psychiatry,
London (U.K.) P. DlEZEL
University of Heidelberg,
Heidelberg (Germany)
F. BRINK, JR.
Rockefeller Inst, for Medical Research,
G. W. F. EDGAR
New York (U.S.A.)
University of Amsterdam,
Amsterdam (Holland)
F. BUCHTHAL
University of Copenhagen,
J.-E. EDSTRÖM
Copenhagen (Denmark)
University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg (Sweden)
G. L. CANTONI
National Institutes of Mental Health,
L. EINARSON
Bethesda, Md. (U.S.A.) Aarhus University,
Aarhus (Denmark)
H. I. CHINN
Office of Naval Research, J. ELKES
London Branch, University of Birmingham,
New York (U.S.A.; Birmingham (U.K.)
xii SECOND INTERNATIONAL NEUROCHEMICAL SYMPOSIUM
K. A. C. ELLIOTT H. HARTELIUS
McGill University, Karolinska Institutet,
Montreal (Canada) Stockholm (Sweden)
A. ENGSTRÖM
E. JACOBSEN
Karolinska Institutet,
Medicinalco Ltd.,
Stockholm (Sweden)
Copenhagen (Denmark)
U. S. v. EULER
Karolinska Institutet, H. JATZKEWITZ
Stockholm (Sweden) Max-Planck-Institut,
Munich (Germany)
W. FELDBERG
National Institute for Medical Research, S. S. KETY
London (U.K.) National Institute of Mental Health,
J. B. FINEAN Bethesda, Md. (U.S.A.)
University of Birmingham,
R. D. KEYNES
Birmingham (U.K.)
University of Cambridge,
L. B. FLEXNER Cambridge (U.K.)
University of Pennyslvania,
Philadelphia, Pa. (U.S.A.) E. KLENK
University of Cologne,
J. FOLCH-PI
Cologne (Germany)
Harvard Medical School and
McLean Hospital,
V. KLINGMÜLLER
Waverly, Mass. (U.S.A.)
University of Hamburg,
A. GEIGER Hamburg (Germany)
University of Illinois,
Chicago, 111. (U.S.A.) V. KOEFOED-JOHNSEN
University of Copenhagen,
R. GEIGER
Copenhagen (Denmark)
University of Illinois,
Chicago, 111. (U.S.A.)
E. KROGH
R. W. GERARD Aarhus University,
University of Michigan, Aarhus (Denmark)
Ann Arbor, Mich. (U.S.A.)
M. G. LARRABEE
L. GJESSING Johns Hopkins University,
Dikemark, Baltimore (U.S.A.)
Oslo (Norway)
N. A. LASSEN
R. GJESSING
Copenhagen University,
Dikemark,
Copenhagen (Denmark)
Oslo (Norway)
S. GLUECKSON-WAELSCH P. R. LEWIS
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, University of Cambridge,
New York (U.S.A.) Cambridge (U.K.)
D. E. GOLDMAN
F. LIPMANN
U.S. Embassy,
Harvard University and Mass.
London (U.K.)
General Hospital,
P. GREENGARD Boston, Mass. (U.S.A.)
National Institute for Medical Research,
London (U.K.) R. LIVINGSTON
National Institute of Mental Health,
Mrs. P. GREENGARD Bethesda, Md. (U.S.A.)
The Institute of Psychiatry,
London (U.K.) K. A. LORENTZEN
R. G. GRENELL University of Aarhus and Risskov
University of Maryland, Mental Hospital,
Baltimore, Md. (U.S.A.) Risskov (Denmark)
SECOND INTERNATIONAL NEUROCHEMICAL SYMPOSIUM XHl
A. LOWENTHAL Ο. Ε. PRATT
Institut Bunge, Institute of Psychiatry,
Berchem-Anvers (Belgium) London (U.K.)
Ο. H. LOWRY G. QUADBECK
Washington University, Max-Planck-Institut,
St. Louis, Mo. (U.S.A.) Heidelberg (Germany)
C. E. LUMSDEN J. H. QUASTEL
Leeds University, McGill University,
Leeds (U.K.) Montreal (Canada)
F. LYNEN D. RICHTER
University of Munich, Neuropsychiatrie Research Centre,
Munich (Germany) Whitchurch Hospital,
Cardiff (U.K.)
J. MAGNES
Hebrew University, R. ROSSITER
Jerusalem (Israel) University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario (Canada)
P. MANDEL
University of Strassburg, F. O. SCHMITT
Strassburg (France) Mass. Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Mass. (U.S.A.)
N. MATUSSEK
University of Munich, M. SCHNEIDER
Munich (Germany) University of Cologne,
Cologne (Germany)
H. MCILWAIN
Institute of Psychiatry, F. SCHONHEYDER
London (U.K.) Aarhus University,
Aarhus (Denmark)
W. H. MCMENEMEY
M aida Vale Hospital, M. SCHOU
London (U.K.) Aarhus University and Risskov Mental
Hospital,
C. J. MUNCH-PETERSEN Risskov (Denmark)
Aarhus University,
Aarhus (Denmark) N. SCHÜMMELFEDER
University of Bonn,
S. NAKA
Bonn (Germany)
Osaka City University,
Osaka (Japan) F. SEITELBERGER
University of Vienna,
Α. V. PALLADIN
Vienna (Austria)
Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian
S.S.R., V. S. SHAPOT
Medical Institute,
Kiev (U.S.S.R.)
Vitebsk (U.S.S.R.)
J. PATZIG
I. C. SKOU
Max-Planck-Institut,
Aarhus University,
Marburg (Germany)
Aarhus (Denmark)
E. PETTE
University of Hamburg, G. H. SLOANE-STANLEY
Hamburg (Germany) Institute of Psychiatry,
London (U.K.)
A. POPE
Harvard Medical School and McLean G. SMTTS
Hospital University of Amsterdam,
Waverly, Mass. (U.S.A.) Amsterdam (Holland)
J. POSTERNAK L. SOKOLOFF
University of Geneva, National Institutes of Mental Health,
Geneva (Switzerland) Bethesda, Md. (U.S.A.)
xiv SECOND INTERNATIONAL NEUROCHEMICAL SYMPOSIUM
W. M. SPERRY G. E. VLADIMIROV
N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute and Pavlov Institute of Physiology,
Columbia University, Academy of Science,
New York (U.S.A.) Leningrad (U.S.S.R.)
H. B. STEINBACH M. VOGT
University of Copenhagen, University of Edinburgh,
Copenhagen (Denmark) Edinburgh (U.K.)
H. J. STRECKER G. VRAA-JENSEN
N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute and Copenhagen Municipal Hospital,
Columbia University, Copenhagen (Denmark)
New York (U.S.A.)
R. VRBA
E. STRÖMGREN Dept. of Industrial Hygiene,
Aarhus University and Risskov Mental Prague (Czechoslovakia)
Hospital,
Risskov (Denmark) H. WAELSCH
N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute and
L. SVENNERHOLM Columbia University,
University of Gothenburg, New York (U.S.A.)
Gothenburg (Sweden)
J. D. WEILL
R. H. S. THOMPSON University of Strassburg,
Guy's Hospital, Strassburg (France)
London (U.K.)
H. WEIL-MALHERBE
J. R. THUILLIER Runwell Hospital,
University of Paris, Wickford (U.K.)
Paris (France)
G. B. WEST
D. C. TOSTESON School of Pharmacy,
University of Copenhagen, London (U.K.)
Copenhagen (Denmark)
G. WILKE
S. UDENFRIEND Max-Planck-Institut,
National Institutes of Health, Glessen (Germany)
Bethesda, Md. (U.S.A.)
S. YAMASAKI
H. H. USSING Kyushu University,
University of Copenhagen, Fukoaka (Japan)
Copenhagen (Denmark)
K. ZERAHN
P. H. VERMEHREN Aarhus University,
Copenhagen (Denmark) Aarhus (Denmark)
SECTION 1
Molecular Structure and Morphology
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF NERVOUS TISSUE
H. FERNÂNDEZ-MORÂN
Department of Nerve Ultrastructure, Instituto Venezolano de Neurologia, Caracas, Venezuela
L Introduction
II. Material and Methods
1. Fixation
2. Embedding Techniques
3. Ultrathin Sectioning Techniques
4. Dissociation and Replica Techniques
III. Observations with the Electron Microscope
1. The Fine Structure of Neurons
2. The Synapses
3. Fine Structure of the Glial Cells
IV. The Submicroscopic Organization of Nerve Fibers
1. The Fine Structure of the Myelin Sheath
2. Effects of Prolonged Ultracentrifugation on the Myelin Sheath
3. Experiments on the Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques
V. Discussion
I. INTRODUCTION
THE INTRICATE nature of its known functions, and the great variety of the
processes taking place in rapid yet co-ordinated sequence within the nervous
system, all apparently require a morphological substrate more complex and more
highly differentiated than the patterns of nervous tissue structure revealed
hitherto by the light microscope. A detailed knowledge of the fine structure of
nervous tissue extending to the molecular level is therefore becoming increasingly
necessary. In particular, the phenomena studied by the neurophysiologists and
neurochemists are inextricably linked to specific localization and highly ordered
spatial arrangement in the submicroscopic domain.
Much valuable information on the submicroscopic organization of fresh
and even living tissue has already been derived from polarized light
analysis (63-65) and X-ray diffraction studies (66-70, 25-30). But it is largely
due to the successful application of the high resolving power of the electron
1