Membrane Fusion Techniques Part A

460 Pages·1993·11.164 MB·English

by  Nejat Duzgunees (Eds.)

Contributors to Volume 220
Article numbers are in sesehtnerap following the names of .srotubirtnoc
snoitailiffA detsil are .tnerruc
KLAUS ARNOLD (12), Institute of ,scisyhpoiB JAN DIJKSTRA (23), Department of Physio-
Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, logical Chemistry, University of -ninorG
D- 7010 Leipzig, Germany gen, 9712 KZ Groningen, The Netherlands
JOCELYN M. BALDWIN (13), tnemtrapeD of NEJAT DI~ZGONE~ (1, 2), Department of
Biochemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free Microbiology, University of the Pacific
Hospital School of Medicine, University of School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Cali-
London, London NW3 2PF, England fornia 94115, and Department of Pharma-
ceutical Chemistry, University of -rofilaC
LEKZEHCEY ZLOHNERAB (22), Department
nia, San Francisco, San Francisco,
of Membrane Biochemistry and Neuro-
California 94143
chemistry, The Hebrew University-
Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91- PETER M. FREDERm (27), EM Unit, Depart-
010, Israel ment of Pathology, BMC, University of
Limburg, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Neth-
ROBERT BLUMENTHAL (21), Section on
sdnalre
Membrane Structure and Function, Na-
tional Cancer Institute, National Institutes KLAUS GAWRISCH (12), Department of
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Physics, University of Leipzig, D-7010
Leipzig, Germany
ROMKE BRON (23), Department of Phys-
iological Chemistry, University of Gro- ENAITSIRHC A. HELM (11), Department of
ningen, 9712 KZ Groningen, The Nether- Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Uni-
lands versity of ,ainrofilaC Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106
KOERT N. J. BURGER (27), Department of
Cell Biology, Medical School AZU, Uni- VAOY I. HENIS (26), Department of Bio-
versity of ,thcertU 3584 CX Utrecht, The chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel
Netherlands Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
STEPHEN W. BURGESS (4), Department of DICK HOEKSTgA (2, 20), Laboratory of
Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of Physiological Chemistry, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Groningen, 9712 KZ Groningen, The
Hill, North Carolina 27599 Netherlands
YELSEL J. CALDER (27), Division of -loriV KES WEN HUI (16), Membrane Biophysics
ogy, National Institute of Medical Re- Laboratory, Department of Biophysics,
,hcraes London NW7 1AA, England Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo,
LEONID V. CHERNOMORDIK (9), Laboratory New York 14263
of Theoretical and Physical Biology, Na- BOCAJ N. ILlVHCALEARSI (11), Department
tional Institute of Child Health and Devel- of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering,
opment, National Institutes of Health, Be- University of California, Santa Barbara,
thesda, Maryland 20892 Santa Barbara, California 93106
LEAHCIM J. CLAGOE (21), Section on Mem- UWE KARSTEN (17), Max-Delbr~ck Cen-
brane Structure and Function, National trum far Molekulare Medizin, D-13125
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Berlin-Buch, Germany
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 KARIN KLAPPE (20), Laboratory of Phy-
CIRDERF S. COHEN (5), Department of Phys- siological Chemistry, University of -norG
,ygoloi Rush Medical College, Chicago, Il- ingen, 9712 KZ Groningen, The Nether-
linois, 61612 lands
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 220
IHCIMUZAK KURODA (24), Department of RANAJIT LAP (22), Department of Cell Biol-
,ygoloiborciM Osaka University for Phar- ogy, Bionetics Research, Inc., Rockville,
maceutical Science, Matsubara, Osaka Maryland 20850
580, Japan ANU PURl (21), Section on Membrane Struc-
JOHN LENARD (25), Department of Physiol- ture and Function, National Cancer Insti-
ogy and Biophysics, University of Medi- tute, National Institutes of Health, Be-
cine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert thesda, Maryland 20892
Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscata- NAITSIRHC HCOHCS (21), Section on Mem-
way, New Jersey 08854 brane Structure and Function, National
YRRAB R. LENTZ (4), Department of Bio- Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
chemistry and Biophysics, University of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel TLOTREB SEIDEL (17), Institute of Neurobi-
Hill, North Carolina 27599 ology and Brain Research, Academy of
RANIA LEVENTIS (3), Department of Bio- Sciences, D-3090 Magdeburg, Germany
chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, JOHN R. SILVIUS (3), Department of Bio-
Quebec, Canada H3G 1 Y6 chemistry, McGill University, Montreal,
JACK A. LucY (13), Department of Bio- Quebec, Canada H3G 1 Y6
chemistry and Chemistry, Royal Free ARTHUR E. SREWOS (15), Department of
Hospital School of Medicine, University of Biophysics, University of Maryland School
London, London NW3 2PF, England of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
MARK MARSH (19), MRC Laboratory for TooN NNAMGETS (23), Department of Bio-
Molecular Cell Biology, University Col- physical Chemistry, Biocenter of the Uni-
lege London, London WC1E 6BT, En- versity of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
gland
DAVID A. STENGER (16), Naval Research
DAVID NEEDHAM (10), Department of Me- Laboratory, Center for Bio-Molecular
chanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Washington
Science, Duke University, Durham, North D.C. 20375
Carolina 27708
PETER STOLLEY (17), Max-Delbrack Cen-
GARRY A. NEIL (14), Department of Internal trum far Molekulare Medizin, D-13125
Medicine, The University of Iowa College ,hcuB-nilreB Germany
of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
ORIHASAM TOM1TA (18), Department of
RETLAW D. NILES (5), Department of Physi- Chemistry for Materials, Faculty of Engi-
,ygolo Rush Medical College, Chicago, Il- neering, National Mie University, Mie
,sionil 61612 514, Japan
OMOLHS NIR (28), The Seagram Centre for TIAN WOY TSONG (18), Department of Bio-
Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agri- chemistry, College of Biological Sciences,
culture, The Hebrew University of Jerusa- University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minne-
lem, Rehovot 76100, Israel sota 55108, and Department of Biochemis-
IEPNIHS OHKI (7, 8), Department of Bio- try, Hong Kong University of Science and
physical Sciences, School of Medicine, Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon,
State University of New York at Buffalo, Hong Kong
Buffalo, New York 14214 ARIE J. VERKLEIJ (27), Department of Mo-
SHUN-ICHI OHNISHI (24), Department of lecular Cell Biology, University of ,thcertU
Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto Uni- 3584 CH ,thcertU The Netherlands
,ytisrev Kyoto 606, Japan ROBERT R. WAGNER (22), Department of
OINOTNA ORTIZ (23), Department of Bio- Microbiology, University of Virginia
chemistry, Veterinary Faculty, University School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Vir-
of Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain ginia 22908
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 220 ix
JAN WILSCHUT (1, 23), Department of Phys- medical Sciences, State University of New
iological Chemistry, University of Gronin- York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
gen, 9712 KZ Groningen, The Netherlands ULRICH ZIMMERMANN (14), Lehrstuhl far
PmLll, L. YEAGLE (6), Department of Bio- Biotechnologie, Universitdt W~rzburg,
chemistry, School of Medicine and Bio- D-8700 ,grubzr~dV Germany
Preface
To commemorate the twenty-first anniversary of the publication of
J. D. Watson and F. H. .C Crick's famous article on the structure of DNA,
the April ,62 1974, issue of Nature featured a special section entitled
"Molecular biology comes of age." While the origin of the field of mem-
brane fusion research cannot be traced to a single article, two comprehen-
sive reviews on virus-induced cell fusion and on membrane fusion ap-
peared in 1972 and 1973, respectively (G. Poste, Int. Rev. Cytol. 33,
157-252; G. Poste and .A .C Allison, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 300, 421-
465). In the two decades since, there has been a rapid growth in the number
of studies on the molecular mechanisms of membrane fusion, culminating
in several books on the subject .A( .E Sowers, ed., "Cell Fusion," Plenum
Press, 1987; .S Ohki, D. Doyle, T. D. Flanagan, .S W. Hui, and .E May-
hew, eds., "Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Fusion," Plenum Press,
1988; N. Diizgtine~, ed., "Membrane Fusion in Fertilization, Cellular
Transport, and Viral Infection," Academic Press, 1988; J. Wilschut and D.
Hoekstra, eds., "Membrane Fusion," Marcel Dekker, 1991). With the
publication of Volumes 220 and 122 of Methods in Enzymology dedicated
to this subject, it is not entirely inappropriate to declare the field of
membrane fusion as having come of age.
The chapters in this and the accompanying Volume 122 present not
only the details of methods used in membrane fusion research, but also a
critical analysis of the methods, their advantages and shortcomings, and
possible artifacts. While several sections focus on the elucidation of the
mechanisms of fusion in various experimental systems (Fusion of Lipo-
somes and Other Artificial Membranes; Fusion of Viruses with Target
Membranes; Cell-CeU Fusion Mediated by Viruses and Viral Proteins;
Conformational Changes of Proteins during Membrane Fusion; Mem-
brane Fusion during Exocytosis; Intracellular Membrane Fusion; Mem-
brane Fusion in Fertilization), several others describe applications of
membrane fusion technology (Induction of Cell-Cell Fusion; Introduc-
tion of Macromolecules into Cells by Membrane Fusion; Protoplast Fu-
sion). The methodology presented should be of value not only to newcom-
ers to membrane fusion research who wish to employ some of the tech-
niques described in these books, but also to researchers in the field who
need to adopt an alternative technique.
I would like to thank the contributors to this volume, without whose
willing and able collaboration this work would not even have begun. I
would also like to express my appreciation for their patience with me and
with their fellow authors, not all of whom were able to submit their
ix
xii ECAFERP
manuscripts at the same time. I thank Shirley Light of Academic Press for
her patience, understanding, encouragement, and persistence in producing
this volume, and Cynthia Vincent for her invaluable editorial assistance. I
also thank my wife Diana Flasher for her constant support and enthusiasm
for this project, despite countless weekends I spent editing manuscripts.
Finally, I wish to dedicate this volume to my dear father, Professor Orhan
DOzg0ne~, and to the memory of my dear mother, the late Professor Zeliha
Dtizgtine~, both at the University of Ankara, in deep appreciation of their
ceaseless encouragement, understanding, and love.
TAJEN ~ENOGZOD
METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY
EMULOV I. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes
Edited by YENDIS P. KClWOLOC DNA NATHAN O. KAPLAN
EMULOV II. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes
Edited by YENDIS P. KCIWOLOC DNA NATHAN O. NALPAK
EMULOV III. Preparation and Assay of Substrates
Edited by YENDIS P. KClWOLOC DNA NATHAN O. NALPAK
EMULOV IV. Special Techniques fort he Enzymologist
Edited by YENDIS P. KCIWOLOC DNA NATHAN O. NALPAK
EMULOV V. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes
Edited by YENDIS P. KCIWOLOC DNA NATHAN O. NALPAK
EMULOV VI. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes (Continued)
Preparation and Assay of Substrates
Special Techniques
Edited by YENDIS P. KCIWOLOC DNA NATHAN O. NALPAK
EMULOV VII. Cumulative Subject Index
Edited by YENDIS P. KClWOLOC DNA NATHAN O. NALPAK
EMULOV VIII. Complex Carbohydrates
Edited by HTEBAZILE F. NEUFELD DNA VICTOR GRUBSNIG
EMULOV IX. Carbohydrate Metabolism
Edited by WILLIS A. WOOD
EMULOV X. Oxidation and Phosphorylation
Edited by RONALD W, KOORBATSE DNA MAYNARD E, NAMLLUP
EMULOV XI. Enzyme Structure
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS
EMULOV XII. Nucleic Acids (Parts A and B)
Edited by ECNERWAL NAMSSORG DNA KIVIE EVADLOM
EMULOV XIII. Citric Acid Cycle
Edited by J. M. NIETSNEWOL
EMULOV XIV. Lipids
Edited by J. M. NIETSNEWOL
EMULOV XV. Steroids and Terpenoids
Edited by DNOMYAR B. NOTYALC
EMULOV XVI. Fast Reactions
Edited by KUSTIN KENNETH
iiix
xiv SDOHTEM NI YGOLOMYZNE
EMULOV XVII. Metabolism of Amino Acids and Amines (Parts A and B)
Edited by TREBREH ROBAT DNA CELIA WroTE ROBAT
EMULOV XVIII. Vitamins and Coenzymes (Parts A, B, and C)
Edited by DLANOD B. McCoRMICK DNA LEUMEL D. WRIGHT
EMULOV XIX. Proteolytic Enzymes
Edited by EDURTREG E. NNAMLREP DNA DNAROL OLZSAL
EMULOV XX. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part C)
Edited by KIVlE EVADLOM DNA ECNERWAL NAMSSORG
EMULOV XXI. Nucleic Acids (Part D)
Edited by ECNERWAL NAMSSORG DNA KIVIE EVADLOM
EMULOV XXII. Enzyme Purification and Related Techniques
Edited by B. WILLIAM YBOKAJ
EMULOV XXIII. Photosynthesis (Part A)
Edited by YNOHTNA NAS ORTEIP
EMULOV XXIV. Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation (Part B)
Edited by YNOHTNA NAS ORTEIP
EMULOV XXV. Enzyme Structure (Part B)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV XXVI. Enzyme Structure (Part C)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV XXVII. Enzyme Structure (Part D)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV XXVIII. Complex Carbohydrates (Part B)
Edited by VICTOR GRUBSNIG
EMULOV XXIX. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part E)
Edited by ECNERWAL NAMSSORG DNA KIVIE EVADLOM
EMULOV XXX. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part F)
Edited by KIVlE EVADLOM DNA ECNERWAL NAMSSORG
EMULOV XXXI. Biomembranes (Part A)
Edited by YENDIS REHCSIELF DNA RETSEL REKCAP
EMULOV XXXII. Biomembranes (Part B)
Edited by YENDIS REHCSIELF DNA RETSEL REKCAP
EMULOV XXXIII. Cumulative Subject Index Volumes I-XXX
Edited by MARTHA G. DENNIS DNA DRAWDE A. SINNED
EMULOV XXXIV. Affinity Techniques (Enzyme Purification: Part B)
Edited by B. WILLIAM YBOKAJ DNA MEIR WILCHEK
EMULOV XXXV. Lipids (Part B)
Edited by JOHN M. NIETSNEWOL
SDOHTEM IN YGOLOMYZNE VX
EMULOV XXXVI. Hormone Action (Part A: Steroid Hormones)
Edited by BERT W. O'MALLEY DNA JOEL G. NAMDRAH
EMULOV XXXVII. Hormone Action (Part B: Peptide Hormones)
Edited by TREB W. O'MALLEY DNA JOEL G. HARDMAN
EMULOV XXXVIII. Hormone Action (Part C: Cyclic Nucleotides)
Edited by JOEL G. HARDMAN DNA BERT W. O'MALLEY
EMULOV XXXlX. Hormone Action (Part D: Isolated Cells, Tissues, and Organ
Systems)
Edited by JOEL G. HARDMAN DNA BERT W. O'MALLEY
EMULOV XL. Hormone Action (Part E: Nuclear Structure and Function)
detidE yb BERT W. O'MALLEY DNA JOEL G. HARDMAN
EMULOV XLI. Carbohydrate Metabolism (Part B)
Edited by W. A. DOOW
EMULOV XLII. Carbohydrate Metabolism (Part C)
Edited by W. A. DOOW
EMULOV XLIII. Antibiotics
Edited by JOHN H. HSAH
EMULOV XLIV. Immobilized Enzymes
Edited by SUALK HCABSOM
EMULOV XLV. Proteolytic Enzymes (Part B)
Edited by OLZSAL DNAROL
EMULOV XLVI. Aii~nity Labeling
Edited by MAILLIW B. YBOKAJ DNA MEIR KEHCLIW
EMULOV XLVII. Enzyme Structure (Part E)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FEEHSAMIT
EMULOV XLVIII. Enzyme Structure (Part F)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV XLIX. Enzyme Structure (Part G)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV L. Complex Carbohydrates (Part C)
Edited by ROTCIV GRUaSNIG
EMULOV LI. Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism
Edited by AICIRTAP A. EEFFOH DNA MARY ELLEN SENOJ
EMULOV LII. Biomembranes (Part C: Biological Oxidations)
Edited by YENDIS REHCSIELF DNA RETSEL REKCAP
EMULOV LIII. Biomembranes (Part D: Biological Oxidations)
Edited by YENDIS REHCSIELF DNA RETSEL REKCAP
EMULOV LIV. Biomembranes (Part E: Biological Oxidations)
Edited by YENDIS REHCSIELF DNA RETSEL REKCAP
xvi SDOHTEM NI YGOLOMYZNE
EMULOV LV. Biomembranes (Part F: Bioenergetics)
Edited by YENDIS REHCSIELF DNA RETSEL REKCAP
EMULOV LVI. Biomembranes (Part G: Bioenergetics)
Edited by YENDIS FLEISCHER DNA LESTER PACKER
EMULOV LVII. Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence
Edited by ENELRAM oA ACULED
EMULOV LVIII. Cell Culture
Edited by WILLIAM B. JAKOBY DNA IRA PASTAN
EMULOV LIX. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part G)
detidE yb KIVIE MOLDAVE DNA LAWRENCE GROSSMAN
EMULOV LX. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part H)
Edited by IOVIE MOLDAVE DNA LAWRENCE GROSSMAN
EMULOV 61. Enzyme Structure (Part H)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV 62. Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part D)
detidE yb DONALD B. McCORMICK DNA LEMUEL D. WRIGHT
EMULOV 63. Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism (Part A: Initial Rate and Inhibitor
Methods)
Edited by DANIEL L. PURICH
EMULOV 64. Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism (Part :B Isotopic Probes and
Complex Enzyme Systems)
Edited by DANIEL L. PURICH
EMULOV 65. Nucleic Acids (Part I)
detidE yb LAWRENCE GROSSMAN DNA KIVIE MOLDAVE
EMULOV 66. Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part E)
Edited by DONALD B. MCCORMICK DNA LEMUEL D. WRIGHT
EMULOV 67. Vitamins and Coenzymes (Part F)
Edited by DONALD B. MCCORMICK DNA LEMUEL D. WRIGHT
VOLUME 68. Recombinant DNA
Edited by RAy Wu
EMULOV 69. Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation (Part C)
Edited by YNOHTNA NAS ORTEIP
EMULOV 70. Immunochemical Techniques (Part A)
Edited by HELEN NAV SIKANUV DNA JOHN J. ENOGNAL
EMULOV 71. Lipids (Part C)
Edited by JOHN M. NIETSNEWOL
EMULOV 72. Lipids (Part D)
Edited by JOHN M. NIETSNEWOL
SDOHTEM NI YGOLOMYZNE xvii
EMULOV 73. Immunochemical Techniques (Part B)
Edited by JOHN J. ENOGNAL DNA HELEN VAN SIKANUV
EMULOV 74. Immunochemical Techniques (Part C)
Edited by JOHN J. ENOGNAL DNA HELEN VAN SIKANUV
EMULOV 75. Cumulative Subject Index Volumes XXXI, XXXII, XXXIV-LX
Edited by DRAWDE A. SINNED DNA AHTRAM G. SINNED
EMULOV 76. Hemoglobins
detidE yb ODLARE ANTONINI, LUIGI ,IDRANREB-ISSOR DNA EMILIA ENOCNAIHC
EMULOV 77. Detoxication and Drug Metabolism
Edited by MAILLIW B. YBOKAJ
EMULOV 78. Interferons (Part A)
Edited by YENDIS AKTSEP
EMULOV 79. Interferons (Part B)
Edited by YENDIS AKTSEP
EMULOV 80. Proteolytic Enzymes (Part C)
Edited by OLZSAL DNAROL
EMULOV 8 I. Biomembranes (Part H: Visual Pigments and Purple Membranes, I)
Edited by RETSEL REKCAP
EMULOV 82. Structural and Contractile Proteins (Part A: Extracellular Matrix)
Edited by LEON W. MAHGNINNUC DNA DIXIE W. NESKIREDERF
EMULOV 83. Complex Carbohydrates (Part D)
Edited by ROTCIV GRUBSNIG
EMULOV 84. Immunochemical Techniques (Part D: Selected Immunoassays)
Edited by JOHN J. ENOGNAL DNA HELEN VAN SIKANUV
EMULOV 85. Structural and Contractile Proteins (Part B: The Contractile Appa-
ratus and the Cytoskeleton)
Edited by DIXIE W. NESKIREDERF DNA LEON W. MAHGNINNUC
EMULOV 86. Prostaglandins and Arachidonate Metabolites
Edited by MAILLIW E. M. SDNAL DNA MAILLIW L. HTIMS
EMULOV 87. Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism (Part C: Intermediates, Stereo-
chemistry, and Rate Studies)
Edited by LEINAD L. HCIRUP
EMULOV 88. Biomembranes (Part I: Visual Pigments and Purple Membranes, II)
Edited by RETSEL REKCAP
EMULOV 89. Carbohydrate Metabolism (Part D)
Edited by SILLIW A. DOOW
EMULOV 90. Carbohydrate Metabolism (Part E)
Edited by SILLIW A. DOOW