Medical Informatics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Joseph Tan Wayne State University, USA Volume I Medical inforMation science reference Hershey • New York Acquisitions Editor: Kristin Klinger Development Editor: Kristin Roth Senior Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig Managing Editor: Jamie Snavely Typesetter: Michael Brehm, Jeff Ash, Carole Coulson, Elizabeth Duke, Jennifer Henderson, Chris Hrobak, Sean Woznicki Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc. Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2009 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Medical informatics : concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications / Joseph Tan, editor. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: "This set of book is a complete collection of cutting-edge medical IT research available in topics such as clinical knowledge management, medical informatics, and gene expression"--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-60566-050-9 (hc) 1. Medical informatics. I. Tan, Joseph K. H. [DNLM: 1. Medical Informatics. W 26.5 M48966 2009] R858.M3972 2009 651.5'04261--dc22 2008023343 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book set is original material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http://www.igi-global.com/agreement for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication. Editor-in-Chief Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, DBA Editor-in-Chief Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology, Book Series Associate Editors Steve Clarke University of Hull, UK Murray E. Jennex San Diego State University, USA Annie Becker Florida Institute of Technology USA Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko University of Tampere, Finland Editorial Advisory Board Sherif Kamel American University in Cairo, Egypt In Lee Western Illinois University, USA Jerzy Kisielnicki Warsaw University, Poland Keng Siau University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA Amar Gupta Arizona University, USA Craig van Slyke University of Central Florida, USA John Wang Montclair State University, USA Vishanth Weerakkody Brunel University, UK Additional Research Collections found in the “Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology” Book Series Data Mining and Warehousing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications John Wang, Montclair University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-951-9 Electronic Commerce: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications S. Ann Becker, Florida Institute of Technology, USA • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-943-4 Electronic Government: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, University of Tampere, Finland • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-947-2 End-User Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Steve Clarke, University of Hull, UK • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-945-8 Global Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Felix Tan, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-939-7 Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Craig Van Slyke, University of Central Florida, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-949-6 Information Security and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Hamid Nemati, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-937-3 Intelligent Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Vijayan Sugumaran, Oakland University, USA • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-941-0 Knowledge Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Murray E. Jennex, San Diego State University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-933-5 Multimedia Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Syad Mahbubur Rahman, Minnesota State University, USA • 3-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-953-3 Online and Distance Learning: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Lawrence Tomei, Robert Morris University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-935-9 Virtual Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Jerzy Kisielnicki, Warsaw University, Poland • 3-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-955-7 Free institution-wide online access with the purchase of a print collection! InformatIon ScIence reference Hershey • New York Order online at www.igi-global.com or call 717-533-8845 ext.10 Mon–Fri 8:30am–5:00 pm (est) or fax 24 hours a day 717-533-8661 List of Contributors Adams, Barbara / Cyrus Medical Systems, USA ............................................................................1871 Aden, Thomas / OFFIS, Germany .....................................................................................................666 Ahmadi, Mohammad / University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, USA ............................................134 Ainsworth, John / The University of Manchester, UK ......................................................................365 Al-Ali, Abdul-Rahman / American University of Sharjah, UAE ......................................................822 Alesanco Iglesias, Álvaro / University of Zaragoza, Spain ..............................................................443 Al-Qirim, Nabeel A. Y. / Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand ..................................1209 Ammenwerth, Elske / University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics & Technology, Austria ..1 Andersen, Charlotte / University of Cincinnati, & Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center USA ..........................................................................................................2085 Anderson, James G. / Purdue University, USA ...............................................................................1301 Angelidis, Pantelis / Vidavo Ltd., Greece ..........................................................................................107 Archer, Norm / McMaster University, Canada ...................................................................................95 Au, Shiu-chung / State University of New York Upstate Medical University, USA ........................1451 Balas, E. Andrew / Old Dominion University, USA ........................................................................1301 Bali, Rajeev K. / Coventry University, UK ........................................................................................232 Baraldi, Stefano / Catholic University, Italy ...................................................................................2323 Barnes, Stuart J. / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand ...............................................1232 Barolli, Leonard / Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT), Japan ..................................................1162 Barth, Jeffrey / University of Virginia School of Medicine, USA ....................................................1060 Bastaki, Maria / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ....................................1410 Basu, Arindam / CAL2CAL Corporation, USA .................................................................................500 Beachboard, John / Idaho State University, USA ...........................................................................1669 Becker, Shirley Ann / Florida Institute of Technology, USA .............................................................792 Begg, Rezaul / Victoria University, Australia ....................................................................................784 Ben Miled, Zina / Indiana University, Perdue University, USA ........................................................589 Berler, Alexander / National Technical University of Athens, Greece ..............................................257 Berner, Eta S. / University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA .........................................................1871 Bernstam, Elmer V. / University of Texas, USA ..............................................................................2029 Bhattacherjee, Anol / University of South Florida, Tampa, USA ...................................................1646 Botsis, Taxiarchis / Athens Medical School, Greece .........................................................................776 Braswell, Melanie / Purdue University, USA ....................................................................................799 Brear, Michelle / University of New South Wales, Australia ...........................................................1373 Briggs, Pamela / Northumbria University, UK ................................................................................1976 Brimhall, Bradley B. / University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA ........................................562 Bruining, Nico / Erasmus Medical Thorax Center, The Netherlands ................................................935 Bukhres, Omran / Indiana University, Purdue University, USA ......................................................589 Burgess, Stephen / Victoria University, Australia ...............................................................................57 Burgsteiner, Harald / Graz University of Applied Sciences, Austria ..............................................1009 Burjaw, Rick / University of Western Ontario, Canada ....................................................................178 Bürkle, Thomas / University of Erlangen, Germany ............................................................................1 Burstein, Frada / Monash University, Australia ...................................................................1530, 2244 C. R., Ranjini / Lancaster University, UK .......................................................................................1265 Cader, Yoosuf / Zayed University, UAE ...........................................................................................2477 Cannoy, Sherrie D. / The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA ................65, 1485, 1703 Carbone, Daniel / Victoria University, Australia ................................................................................57 Cardenas, David / L.A. County Department of Public Health, USA .................................................500 Chang, Elizabeth / Curtin University of Technology, Australia ......................................................2096 Chang, Karen / Purdue University, USA ...........................................................................................799 Chbeir, Richard / University of Bourgogne, France .........................................................................705 Chen, Cheng-Hsui / National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Taiwan .......................1351 Chen, Leida / Creighton University, USA ........................................................................................1813 Chen, Ying-Hsiou / National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan.......................................................1351 Cheng, Jie / Wayne State University, USA .......................................................................................1940 Cheng, Qiang / Wayne State University, USA ..................................................................................1940 Chesney, David / Freeman Hospital, UK ........................................................................................2218 Chesney, Thomas / Nottingham University Business School, UK ..................................................2218 Chhanabhai, Prajesh / University of Otago, New Zealand ............................................................1965 Chigan, Chunxiao / Michigan Tech, USA .........................................................................................533 Chong, Jing / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ..................................................................1614 Christinal, Hepzibah / Karunya Institute of Technology & Sciences, India ...................................1131 Chu, Feng / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ............................................................2066 Clarebout, Geraldine / University of Leuven, Belgium ..................................................................1445 Clark, Frank C. / Medical University of South Carolina, USA ......................................................1289 Clarke, Malcolm / Brunel University, UK .......................................................................................1594 Cook, David P. / Old Dominion University, USA ..................................................................1910, 1381 Cortes, Jose A. / Cabrini Medical Center, USA .................................................................................980 Couto, Francisco M. / Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal ..............................................................2074 Crk, Igor / The University of Arizona, USA .......................................................................................631 Croasdell, David / University of Nevada, USA................................................................................1897 Cunningham, Colleen / Drexel University, USA ...............................................................................334 Currie, Wendy L. / University of Warwick, UK ..............................................................................1472 Daim, Tugrul / Portland State University, USA...............................................................................2387 Damigou, Dionisia / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ................................733 Das, Subrat / Swinburne University, Australia ................................................................................2123 Daskalaki, Andriani / Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, Germany ..............................1430 Datta, Gora / CAL2CAL Corporation, USA ......................................................................................500 Davies, Simon / University of Birmingham Research Park, UK .....................................................2218 Davis, Diane C. / Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, USA ...................................................1112 de Campos, Luis M. / Universidad de Granada, Spain ..................................................................2274 De Marco, Giuseppe / Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT), Japan ............................................1162 den Ende, Jef Van / Institute for Tropical Medicine, Belgium ........................................................1445 Denko, Mieso K. / University of Guelph, Canada ...........................................................................1322 Deshmukh, Pooja / Washington State University, USA ...................................................................1897 Desouza, Kevin C. / University of Illinois at Chicago, USA .............................................................208 Diamond, Herbert S. / The Western Pennsylvania Hospital, USA .................................................1605 Dillon, Tharam S. / Curtin University of Technology, Australia .....................................................2096 Dillon, Thomas W. / James Madison University, USA ....................................................................2042 Dorado de la Calle, Julián / University of Coruña, Spain ..............................................................2351 Dornstauder, Sebastian / University of Bayreuth, Germany ..........................................................2181 Drougas, Bill Ag. / ATEI Education Institute of Epirus, Greece .....................................................1125 Duch, Wlodzislaw / Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland ........................................................2085 Dwivedi, Ashish / The University of Hull, UK ...................................................................................232 Edenius, Mats / Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden ..............................................................1567 Edmonson, Sarah R. / Baylor College of Medicine, USA ................................................................995 Eichelberg, Marco / OFFIS, Germany ..............................................................................................666 Eisler, George / BC Academic Health Council, Canada .................................................................1850 Elen, Jan / University of Leuven, Belgium .......................................................................................1445 Engelbrecht, Judith / Massey University, New Zealand .................................................................1997 Erlanger, David M. / HeadMinder Corporation, USA ....................................................................1060 Exarchos, Themis P. / University of Ioannina, Greece .....................................................................851 Fadlalla, Adam / Cleveland State University, USA ...........................................................................322 Faerber, Matthias / University of Bayreuth, Germany....................................................................2181 Fernández Navajas, Julián / University of Zaragoza, Spain............................................................443 Fernández-Luna, Juan M. / Universidad de Granada, Spain .......................................................2274 Ferreira, Cândida / Gepsoft, UK ....................................................................................................2154 Fishwick, Lesley / Northumbria University, UK .............................................................................1976 Ford, W. Chris L. / University of Bristol, UK .................................................................................1437 Fotiadis, Dimitrios I. / University of Ioannina, Greece; Biomedical Research Institute FORTH, Greece; & Michaelideion Cardiology Center, Greece ........851 Fuller, Richard G. / Robert Morris University, USA ......................................................................1417 Gao, Wei / Fordham University, USA ..............................................................................................2360 Garrett, Bernard Mark / University of British Columbia, Canada .................................................836 Gaynor, Mark / Boston University School of Management, USA ...................................................2443 Geisler, Elie / Illinois Institute of Technology, USA ...................................................................17, 1395 Giannakakis, Nikolaos / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece .................862, 900 Goldberg, Steve / INET International Inc., Canada ........................................................................1773 Goletsis, Yorgos / University of Ioannina, Greece .............................................................................851 Götz, Manuel / University of Bayreuth, Germany ...........................................................................2181 Goyal, Raj K. / Harvard Medical School & VA Boston Healthcare System, USA ..........................1733 Gräber, Stefan / University Hospital of Saarland, Germany ................................................................1 Guah, Matthew W. / Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; & University of Warwick, UK .........................................................................................427, 1472, 1689 Gupta, Amar / The University of Arizona, USA ............................................................631, 1451, 1733 Gupta, Jatinder N.D. / University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA ..................................................186 Hagenbuchner, Markus / University of Wollongong, Australia .......................................................944 Hamers, Ronald / Erasmus Medical Thorax Center, The Netherlands .............................................935 Han, Hyoil / Drexel University, USA .................................................................................................314 Han, Shengnan / Åbo Akademi University, Finland ........................................................................1253 Handy, Jocelyn / Massey University, New Zealand .........................................................................1997 Hansen, David / CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia ...............................................................................2203 Harper, Robert / The University of Manchester, UK ........................................................................365 Harris, Peter / Sheffield University, UK ..........................................................................................1976 Harvie, C. / University of Wollongong, Australia ............................................................................1581 Hashmi, Nada / 10Blade, Inc., USA ................................................................................................2443 Häyrinen, Kristiina / University of Kuopio, Finland ......................................................................1103 Helms, Marilyn M. / Dalton State College, USA ..............................................................................134 Hernández Ramos, Carolina / University of Zaragoza, Spain ........................................................443 Hertweck, Dieter / University for Applied Sciences Heilbronn, Germany......................................1788 Hikmet, Neset / University of South Florida, Sarasota-Manatee, USA ..........................................1646 Hilton, Brian N. / Claremont Graduate University, USA ..................................................................113 Hliaoutakis, Angelos / Technical University of Crete (TUC), Greece ...............................................647 Hoffmeister, Amanda H. / Cookeville Regional Medical Center, USA ..........................................1882 Holt, Alec / University of Otago, New Zealand ................................................................................1965 Holzinger, Andreas / Medical University Graz (MUG), Austria.....................................................1009 Horan, Thomas A. / Claremont Graduate University, USA ..............................................................113 Hu, Xiaohua / Drexel University, USA ............................................................................314, 334, 2232 Huang, Guan-Shieng / National Chi Nan University, Taiwan ........................................................2259 Huete, Juan F. / Universidad de Granada, Spain ............................................................................2274 Hunter, Inga / Massey University, New Zealand .............................................................................1997 Hyland, P. N. / University of Wollongong, Australia .......................................................................1581 Ilioudi, Christina / University of Piraeus, Greece ..........................................................................1430 Iller, Carola / University of Heidelberg, Germany ................................................................................1 Imam, Khaled / William Beaumont Hospital, USA .........................................................................1060 Imoto, Seiya / University of Tokyo, Japan .......................................................................................2281 Istepanian, Robert S. H. / Kingston University, UK .........................................................................443 Itert, Lukasz / Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland .................................................................2085 Iyer, Lakshmi / The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA ...................................65, 1485 Jablonski, Stefan / University of Bayreuth, Germany .....................................................................2181 Jaccard, Frederic / CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia ..........................................................................2006 Jaffery, Jonathan B. / University of Wisconsin, USA .....................................................................1040 Jain, Divya / Datamation Foundation Charitable Trust, India .......................................................2174 Jenkins, Arnold / Johns Hopkins University, USA ..............................................................................37 Jenkins, Julian M. / University of Bristol, UK ................................................................................1437 Jennett, Penny A. / University of Calgary, Canada ..............................................................1186, 1222 Jentzsch, Ric / Compucat Research Pty Ltd., Canberra, Australia ...................................................485 Jih, Wen-Jang (Kenny) / Middle Tennessee State University, USA ................................................1351 Jing, Liping / The University of Hong Kong, China ........................................................................2232 Johnson, Michael P. / Carnegie Mellon University, USA ...............................................................1605 Joiner, Keith A. / University of Arizona, USA .................................................................................1733 Jones, Sara / University of South Australia, Australia ......................................................................841 Joseph, Jimmie L. / The University of Texas at El Paso, USA ..............................................1381, 1910 K. S. Tong, Carrison / Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, China, & Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong ..........................................................................870, 890, 1714 Kabene, Stefane M. / University of Western Ontario, Canada .........................................................178 Kallio, Markku / The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, Finland ...............................................1253 Kalogeropoulou, Maria / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece .....................1410 Kalogirou, Fotini / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ..................................733 Kalyanpur, Arjun / Teleradiology Solutions, India ........................................................................1840 Kamira, Robyn / Paua Interface Ltd., & Rangatiratanga Canvases Ltd., New Zealand ...............1342 Kassegne, Samuel Kinde / San Diego State University, USA .........................................................1322 Kastner, Peter / ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH, Austria .............................................................753 Katzarova, Mila / Oxford University, UK .........................................................................................387 Katz, Alan / University of Miami, USA ............................................................................................1016 Kaushik, Tanya / HeadMinder™ Corporation, USA ......................................................................1060 Kennedy, Paul J. / University of Technology Sydney, Australia ......................................................2096 Kern, Josipa / Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Croatia .................................................2059 Kerr, Karolyn / Simpl, New Zealand .................................................................................................513 Kido, Takashi / HuBit Genomix, Inc., Japan ...................................................................................2109 Kim To, Phuong / Tedis P/L, Australia ..............................................................................................944 Kinsner, Witold / University of Manitoba, Canada ........................................................................2465 Knight, Rachael / Royal Women’s Hospital, Australia ....................................................................1437 Kollmann, Alexander / ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH, Austria .................................................753 Koop, Paul / University of South Australia, Australia .......................................................................841 Koppelaar, Henk / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands ...............................................935 Koumpis, Adamantios / ALTEC S.A., Greece ...................................................................................350 Koutsouris, Dimitris / National Technical University of Athens, Greece .........................................257 Kraehenbuehl, Gregoire / CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia ...............................................................2006 Krishnamurthy, E.V. / Australian National University, Australia ..................................................1024 Kuhne, Gary / Penn State University, USA .....................................................................................1417 Kvasny, Lynette / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ..................................................1549, 1614 LaBrunda, Andrew / University of Guam, USA .............................................................................2306 LaBrunda, Michelle / Cabrini Medical Center, USA ..............................................................980, 2306 Laforest, Frédérique / LIRIS CNRS UMR 5205, France ................................................................2423 Landolsi, Taha / American University of Sharjah, UAE ...................................................................822 Latif, Firoz / Teleradiology Solutions, India ....................................................................................1840 Lay, Rainer / ProDatO Integration Technology GmbH, Germany ..................................................2181 Lazakidou, Athina A. / University of Piraeus, Greece ...................................................................1430 Lazarus, Sandra Synthia / University of Sydney, Australia .............................................................811 Leahy, Richard M. / University of Southern California, USA ..........................................................881 Leduc, Raymond / University of Western Ontario, Canada .............................................................178 Lee, B. C. / University of Wollongong, Australia .............................................................................1581 Lefkowitz, Jerry B. / University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Cente, USA .............562 Lemma, Fikreyohannes / Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia .........................................................1322 Lending, Diane / James Madison University, USA .........................................................................2042 Lewis, Marilyn / The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago .....................................1180 Li, Nianhua / Indiana University, Purdue University, USA ...............................................................589 Liao, Shuang-Te / Ming Chuan University, Taiwan ........................................................................2259 Lichtenberg, Peter A. / Wayne State University, USA .....................................................................1060 Ling Fung, Maria Yin / University of Auckland, New Zealand ......................................................1071 Liu, Liping / University of Akron, USA ...........................................................................................1514 Liu, Xiaoqiang / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands; & Donghua University, China ............................................................................................................935