Medical Biochemistry: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access, 4e PDF
Preview Medical Biochemistry: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access, 4e
Medical Biochemistry FOURTH EDITION John W. Baynes, PhD Carolina Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA Marek H. Dominiczak, MD (Dr Hab Med) FRCPath FRCP (Glas) Professor of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Humanities, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom Docent in Laboratory Medicine, University of Turku, Finland Consultant Biochemist, Clinical Biochemistry Service, National Health Service (NHS) Greater Glasgow and Clyde,, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom Table of Contents Instructions for online access Cover image Title page Copyright Preface Contributors Dedication Acknowledgments Abbreviations Chapter 1: Introduction Biochemistry and clinical medicine The entire biochemistry on two pages What this book is – and isn't Chapter 2: Amino Acids and Proteins Introduction Amino acids Buffers Peptides and proteins Purification and characterization of proteins Analysis of protein structure Summary Chapter 3: Carbohydrates and Lipids Introduction Carbohydrates Lipids Structure of biomembranes Summary Chapter 4: Blood and Plasma Proteins Introduction Formed Elements of Blood Plasma Proteins The Acute Phase Response and C-Reactive Protein Clinical Tests: Biomarkers Summary Chapter 5: Oxygen Transport Introduction Characteristics of mammalian globin proteins Allosteric Modulation of the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin Selected Topics Summary Chapter 6: Catalytic Proteins – Enzymes Introduction Enzymatic Reactions Enzyme Kinetics Use of the Lineweaver–Burk and Eadie–Hofstee plots Mechanism of Enzyme Action Enzyme Inhibition Regulation of Enzyme Activity Enzymatic Measurement of Blood Glucose Summary Chapter 7: Hemostasis and Thrombosis Introduction Hemostasis The vessel wall Platelets and platelet-related bleeding disorders Coagulation Fibrinolysis Summary Chapter 8: Membranes and Transport Introduction Types of transport processes Examples of transport systems and their coupling Summary Chapter 9: Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism Introduction Oxidation as a source of energy Free energy Conservation of energy by coupling with adenosine triphosphate Mitochondrial synthesis of adenosine triphosphate from reduced coenzymes The mitochondrial electron transport system Transfer of electrons from NADH into mitochondria Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate – the chemiosmotic hypothesis Inhibitors of oxidative metabolism Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation Summary Chapter 10: Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients: The Gastrointestinal Tract Introduction Water and electrolyte handling in the gastrointestinal tract Digestion Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates Digestion and absorption of lipids Digestion and absorption of proteins Summary Chapter 11: Vitamins and Minerals Introduction Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K Water-soluble vitamins B, C Minerals Trace elements Summary Chapter 12: Anaerobic Metabolism of Glucose in the Red Blood Cell Introduction The erythrocyte Glycolysis The splitting stage of glycolysis The yield stage of glycolysis – synthesis of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Fermentation Regulation of glycolysis in erythrocytes Characteristics of regulatory enzymes Synthesis of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) The pentose phosphate pathway Summary Chapter 13: Carbohydrate Storage and Synthesis in Liver and Muscle Introduction Structure of glycogen Pathway of glycogenesis from blood glucose in liver Pathway of glycogenolysis in liver Hormonal regulation of hepatic glycogenolysis Mechanism of action of glucagon Mobilization of hepatic glycogen by epinephrine Glycogenolysis in muscle Regulation of glycogenesis Gluconeogenesis Summary Chapter 14: The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Introduction Functions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle Pyruvate carboxylase The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Enzymes and reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle Energy yield from the tricarboxylic acid cycle Anaplerotic (‘building up’) reactions Regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle Summary Chapter 15: Oxidative Metabolism of Lipids in Liver and Muscle Introduction Activation of fatty acids for transport into the mitochondrion Oxidation of fatty acids Ketogenesis – a metabolic pathway unique to liver Summary Chapter 16: Biosynthesis and Storage of Fatty Acids Introduction Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Desaturation of fatty acids Essential fatty acids Storage and transport of fatty acids: synthesis of triacylglycerols Regulation of total body fat stores Summary Chapter 17: Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids Introduction The Cholesterol Molecule Free and esterified cholesterol Intestinal absorption of cholesterol Biosynthesis of cholesterol Bile acids Steroid hormones Vitamin D3 Summary Chapter 18: Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis Introduction Lipoproteins Lipoprotein receptors Enzymes and LIPID transfer proteins Pathways of lipoprotein metabolism Dyslipidemias Atherosclerosis, atherogenesis and atherothrombosis THE Assessment of cardiovascular risk Summary
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