Media/Society: Technology, Industries, Content, and Users PDF
Preview Media/Society: Technology, Industries, Content, and Users
Media/Society Technology, Industries, Content, and Users Sixth Edition 2 3 Media/Society Sixth Edition David Croteau Virginia Commonwealth University William Hoynes Vassar College 4 FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Copyright © 2019 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Croteau, David, author. | Hoynes, William, author. Title: Media/society : technology, industries, content, and users / David Croteau, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA, William Hoynes, Vassar College, USA. Description: Sixth edition. | Thousand Oaks, California : SAGE, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018017400 | ISBN 9781506315331 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Mass media—Social aspects—United States. | Mass media—Political aspects—United States. Classification: LCC HN90.M3 C76 2019 | DDC 302.230973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018017400 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Executive Editor: Jerry Westby Digital Content Editor: Nick Pachelli Editorial Assistant: Laura Kirkhuff Production Editor: Bennie Clark Allen Copy Editor: Colleen Brennan Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Wendy Jo Dymond Indexer: Maria Sosnowski Cover Designer: Leonardo March Marketing Manager: Terra Schultz 6 Brief Contents 1. Preface 2. Acknowledgments 3. • Part I INTRODUCTION 1. • Chapter 1 Media/Society in a Digital World 4. • Part II TECHNOLOGY 1. • Chapter 2 The Evolution of Media Technology 5. • Part III INDUSTRY 1. • Chapter 3 The Economics of the Media Industry 2. • Chapter 4 Political Influence on Media 3. • Chapter 5 Media Organizations and Professionals 6. • Part IV CONTENT 1. • Chapter 6 Media and Ideology 2. • Chapter 7 Social Inequality and Media Representation 7. • Part V USERS 1. • Chapter 8 Audiences and Creators 2. • Chapter 9 Media Influence 8. • Part VI AFTERWORD 1. • Chapter 10 Globalization and the Future of Media 9. References 10. Index 7 Detailed Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part I INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Media/Society in a Digital World The Importance of Media Models of Communication Media Interpersonal and “Mass” Communication Variable Boundaries and Active Users Communication Today: A First Look A Sociology of Media The Sociological Perspective Structural Constraint and Human Agency Structure Agency Structure and Agency in the Media Relationships between the Media and Other Social Institutions Relationships within the Media Industry Relationships between the Media and the Public A Model of Media and the Social World Applying the Model: Civil Rights in Two Media Eras Mid-20th-Century Civil Rights Movement Black Lives Matter Conclusion Discussion Questions Part II TECHNOLOGY Chapter 2 The Evolution of Media Technology The History of Media Technology Technological Determinism and Social Constructionism Technological Determinism Media’s Materiality “Autonomous Technology” and “Technological Momentum” Medium Theory McLuhan’s Optimism Postman’s Pessimism Social Constructionism 8 From Print to the Internet The Print Medium The Telegraph The Telephone Sound Recording Film and Video Radio Broadcasting Television Television and Daily Life Cable Television The Internet Creating the Internet The Internet Grows Up Some Characteristics of the Internet Era Conclusion Discussion Questions Part III INDUSTRY Chapter 3 The Economics of the Media Industry Media Companies in the Internet Era Products Platforms Pipes Changing Patterns of Ownership Concentration of Ownership Products Platforms Pipes Conglomeration and Integration Strategy in a New Media Economy The Power of Platforms: Facebook and Google as New Media Giants Users Media Content Advertising Telecommunications Consequences of Conglomeration and Integration Integration and Self-Promotion The Impact of Conglomeration The Effects of Concentration Media Control and Political Power Media Ownership and Content Diversity 9 Mass Media for Profit Prime-Time Profits Cheaper Programs for Smaller Audiences Controlling Content and Distribution Profit and the News Media The Impact of Advertising The Advertising-Content Connection Advertising and the Press in the 19th Century The British Press The U.S. Press Advertising and the Contemporary News Media Conclusion Discussion Questions Chapter 4 Political Influence on Media Media and Democracy Free Speech to Free Markets: The Evolution of U.S. Regulatory Policy Regulate or Deregulate? The FCC’s Variable Role Regulation in International Perspective Regulation in Western Democracies Regulation in Developing Nations Competing Interests and the Regulation Debate Industry Influence: Elections and Lobbying Citizen Action: The Case of Low-Power Radio Left and Right: Diversity versus Property Rights Regulating Ownership Media Outlets Copyright and Intellectual Property Regulating Content Accuracy: Advertising Diversity: The Fairness Doctrine Morality: Obscene Materials Self-Regulation: Censorship and Ratings Movie Censorship and the Ratings System Television Ratings Music Parental Advisory Labels and Video Games The “National Interest”: Military Censorship Regulating Access and Distribution Net Neutrality 10
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