Medaka: Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols PDF
Preview Medaka: Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols
M MEdaka: Biology, ManagEMEnt, and ExpEriMEntal protocols As a species rich in biological data and relatively easy to raise and manage, Medaka is becoming an increasingly popular model organism for biological e research. Long-used in Japan for its resilience and cost-effectiveness, this valuable species continues to be adopted globally for experimental purposes ranging from d ecology to cancer research. Medaka: Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols covers all aspects of Medaka in the laboratory setting ranging from a development of colonies to experimental methods in one definitive text. Medaka: Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols uses opening chapters k on basic biology and reproduction as a foundation for subsequent chapters discussing the latest in cutting edge research. The text approaches topics such a as breeding, morphology, toxicology, and experimental design with practical information and well-illustrated examples from a variety of contexts. A DVD accompanies the full-color text with useful charts and tables, additional images, EMB and video clips from the laboratory setting. x i pao nl A must-have title for fish biologists and research personnel, Medaka: Biology, e o rag Management, and Experimental Protocols is an invaluable reference to scientists imgy e, Medaka just beginning to adopt the species as well as established labs. em n e t kEy FEaturEs an lt comprehensive reference on a model fish species of growing importance P, a r written and reviewed by leading Medaka researchers on td well-illustrated with full color images oc o Biology, Management, DVD with additional illustrations and video demonstrations of research protocols l s thE Editors and Experimental Protocols Masato Kinoshita is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Applied Biosciences at Kyoto University, Japan. Editors: Masato Kinoshita, Kenji Murata, Kenji Murata is an Assistant Research Biochemist in the Department of Animal Science M MK aKMrtiE iytnlhooeasr hUtuiE n TNidavaen rrtausikisttyea l oiissEf aasCnna lAAifssossrooncciiiaaa-ttDeea PPvrrioos,ff eeUssSssAoorr. aatt tthhee NNaattiioonnaall IInnssttiittuuttee ffoorr BBaassiicc BBiioollooggyy,, JJaappaann.. inoru Tanakiyoshi NarusKenji Murataasato Kinosh Kiyoshi Naruse, and Minoru Tanaka Molecular Research in Aquaculture Aquaculture Genome Technologies ae it a Edited by Ken Overturf Edited by Zhangjiang (John) Liu ISBN: 9780813818511 ISBN: 9780813802039 Includes dVd with additional illustrations and video demonstrations murata_9780813808710_full.indd 1 3/19/09 5:43 PM P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK BLBS032-Murata March17,2009 20:43 P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK BLBS032-Murata March17,2009 20:43 Medaka Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK BLBS032-Murata March17,2009 20:43 P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK BLBS032-Murata March17,2009 20:43 Medaka Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols Masato Kinoshita Kenji Murata Kiyoshi Naruse Minoru Tanaka A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK BLBS032-Murata March17,2009 20:43 Editionfirstpublished2009 (cid:1)C 2009Wiley-Blackwell BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’s publishingprogramhasbeenmergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,Technical,andMedical businesstoformWiley-Blackwell. EditorialOffice 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservices,andforinformationabout howtoapplyforpermissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbook,pleaseseeour website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Authorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluse,ortheinternalorpersonaluse ofspecificclients,isgrantedbyBlackwellPublishing,providedthatthebasefeeispaid directlytotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923.For thoseorganizationsthathavebeengrantedaphotocopylicensebyCCC,aseparatesystemof paymentshasbeenarranged.ThefeecodesforusersoftheTransactionalReportingService areISBN-13:978-0-8138-0871-0/2009. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks. Allbrandnamesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks, trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnot associatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedto provideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itis soldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices. Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetent professionalshouldbesought. Disclaimer Thepublisherandtheauthormakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttothe accuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties, includingwithoutlimitationwarrantiesoffitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybe createdorextendedbysalesorpromotionalmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontained hereinmaynotbesuitableforeverysituation.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthat thepublisherisnotengagedinrenderinglegal,accounting,orotherprofessionalservices.If professionalassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalpersonshouldbe sought.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.The factthatanorganizationorWebsiteisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orapotential sourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthattheauthororthepublisherendorsesthe informationtheorganizationorWebsitemayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake. Further,readersshouldbeawarethatInternetWebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechanged ordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread. LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData Medaka:biology,management,andexperimentalprotocols/MasatoKinoshita...[etal.]. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-8138-0871-0(hardback:alk.paper) 1.Oryziaslatipes. I.Kinoshita,Masato. QL638.078M432009 639.3(cid:2)766–dc22 2008053979 AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheU.S.LibraryofCongress. Setin10/12ptDutchBTbyAptara(cid:1)R Inc.,NewDelhi,India PrintedinSingapore 1 2009 P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK BLBS032-Murata March17,2009 20:43 Contents Contributors xvii Preface xxi 1 HistoryandFeaturesofMedaka 1 1.1 History 1 1.2 Phylogeny 3 1.2.1 Phylogenyanddistributionofmedakaandrelatives 3 1.2.2 Geneticdiversityofmedaka 7 1.3 AdvantageofMedakaasaModelFish 9 1.3.1 Advantageousfeaturesingeneral 9 1.3.2 Colormutants 11 1.3.2.1 Introductionandhistory 11 1.3.2.2 Bodycolorandchromatophores 12 1.3.2.3 Genesmutatedinbody-colormutants 14 1.3.2.4 Futureuseofbody-colormutants 16 1.3.3 Wildstrains 16 1.3.4 Inbredstrains 18 1.3.4.1 Historyforestablishinginbredlines 18 1.3.4.2 Characteristicsofmedakainbredstrains 19 Column 1.1 Forthosewhocannotdecidewhichmedakatouse 20 1.3.4.3 Polymorphicvariationamonginbredstrains 21 1.3.4.4 Togenerateandmaintainmedakainbredstrains 21 Column 1.2 Variationamongstrains 22 1.3.5 Differencesfromzebrafish 23 2 MedakaManagement 31 2.1 HowtoObtainMedaka 31 2.1.1 Obtainmedakafromresearcherswhoareculturingmedaka 31 2.1.2 ContacttheNationalBio-ResourceProject(medaka)in Japan 31 2.1.3 Purchasemedakafromcommercialvendors(aquarium shops) 32 2.1.4 Catchingmedakafromthewild 32 2.2 RearingMedaka 33 2.2.1 Breedingprogram 33 2.2.2 Recirculatingsystem(mid-scalesystem) 35 2.2.2.1 Aquariumsystem 35 2.2.2.2 Maintenanceofrecirculatingsystem 40 Column 2.1 Softwaterissuitableformedakabreeding 41 2.2.3 Large-scalebreeding 47 2.2.3.1 Outlineoflarge-scalewatersystematJSTKyoto 47 2.2.3.2 WatersystematJSTKyotofacility 47 2.2.3.3 Watercondition 48 v P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK BLBS032-Murata March17,2009 20:43 vi Contents 2.2.4 Rearingwithoutwatercirculation(small-scalesystem) 49 2.2.4.1 Roomcondition,racks,andtanks 49 2.2.4.2 Water 49 2.2.4.3 Dailycare 49 2.2.5 Outdoorbreeding 50 2.3 Feeding 54 2.3.1 Feedforadultfishandlarvae 54 2.3.2 Feedingschedule 54 2.3.3 Feed 55 2.3.3.1 Brineshrimp(Artemia) 55 2.3.3.2 Dryfeed 59 2.3.3.3 Paramecium 60 2.3.3.4 Otherfeedtypes 60 2.4 Diseases 60 2.4.1 Tailrotdisease 60 2.4.2 Matsukasadisease 61 2.4.3 Trichodina 62 2.4.4 Watermold 63 2.4.5 Whitespotdisease 63 2.4.6 Watermites 64 2.4.7 Gyrodactylus 64 2.5 GoodsforMedaka 65 3 ReproductionofMedaka 67 3.1 SexDetermination 67 3.1.1 Sexdeterminationinmedaka 67 3.1.2 SexdeterminationinthegenusOryzias 68 3.1.3 Spontaneoussexreversalsinmedaka 69 3.2 HormonalControlofGonadalDevelopment 69 3.2.1 Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadalaxis 69 3.2.2 Oocytegrowthandmaturation 70 3.2.3 Spermatocytegrowthandmaturation 71 3.3 OogenesisandSpermatogenesis 72 3.3.1 Oogenesis 72 3.3.2 Spermatogenesis 74 3.4 EggEnvelope(Chorion) 75 3.4.1 Morphologyandbiochemicalcharactersofthemedaka eggenvelope 75 3.4.2 Originoftheeggenvelopeinmedakafish 76 3.4.3 Genestructureofeggenvelopeglycoproteinsinmedaka 80 3.4.4 Molecularmechanismsofliver-specificexpressionof Choriogenins’Genes 81 3.4.5 AssemblyoftheChoriogeninsintotheeggenvelopein theovary 84 3.4.6 Eggenvelopeglycoproteinsasthesubstratesforthe hatchingenzyme 86 3.4.7 Conclusion 86 P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK BLBS032-Murata March17,2009 20:43 Contents vii 3.5 NecessaryConditionsforSpawning 87 3.6 ReproductiveBehavior 88 3.7 Mating 89 3.8 EmbryoCollection 90 3.8.1 Embryocollectiondirectlyfromfemales 90 3.8.2 Embryocollectionfromthebottomofthetank 90 3.9 EmbryonicCulture 90 3.9.1 Cleaning 90 3.9.2 Incubation 91 3.10 LarvalCulture 91 3.11 GenerationofSex-ReversedMedaka 91 3.11.1 TreatmentwithandrogentogenerateXXmales 92 3.11.2 TreatmentwithestrogentogenerateXYfemales 92 3.11.3 High-temperaturetreatmenttogenerateXXmales 92 Column 3.1 InterstrainVariationinReproductivePerformance 93 4 StrainPreservationandRelatedTechniques 101 4.1 Shipping 101 4.1.1 Scheduling 101 4.1.2 Sortingofeggsorfish 101 4.1.3 Proceduresforpackaging 102 4.1.4 Transgenicmedaka 102 4.1.5 MTA(MaterialTransferAgreement) 102 4.2 QuarantineandPasteurization 104 4.2.1 Materialsforpasteurizationofeggs/embryos 104 4.2.2 Procedure(MovieM4-1) 104 4.3 CryopreservationofMedakaSperm 105 4.3.1 Overview 105 4.3.2 Theprocedureforcryopreservation (Figure4-2andMoviesM4-2) 105 4.3.3 Materials 106 4.3.4 Solutions 107 4.3.5 Procedures 107 4.4 ArtificialInseminationUsingFrozenMedakaSperm 110 4.4.1 Overview 110 4.4.2 Solutions 111 4.4.3 Materials 112 4.4.4 Procedures(MoviesM4-3) 113 Column 4.1 Infertilematingmethodforcollecting unfertilizedeggs 115 5 LookingatAdultMedaka 117 5.1 GeneralMorphology 117 5.1.1 Secondarysexualcharacters 117 5.1.2 Bodycolor 118 5.1.2.1 Pigmentcells(chromatophores) 118 5.1.2.2 Structuresofthechromatophores 119 5.1.2.3 Chromatophoresinmedaka 119 P1:SFK/UKS P2:SFK/UKS QC:SFK/UKS T1:SFK BLBS032-Murata March17,2009 20:43 viii Contents 5.1.2.4 Chromatophoredistributioninmedaka 123 5.1.2.5 See-throughmedaka 124 5.2 AnatomyandHistology 124 5.2.1 Observationsofinternalorgans 124 5.2.1.1 Observationsofinternalorgansinthelive see-throughmedaka 124 5.2.1.2 Dissectionofadultmedaka 126 5.2.2 Horizontalandsagittalsectionsofjuvenilemedaka 127 5.2.3 Nervoussystem 127 5.2.3.1 Adultcentralnervoussystem 127 5.2.3.2 Adultperipheralnervoussystem 139 5.2.4 Endocrinesystem 147 5.2.4.1 Hypothalamo–pituitarysystem 147 5.2.4.2 Pinealorgan(epiphysis) 150 5.2.4.3 Thyroidgland 152 5.2.4.4 Heart 153 5.2.4.5 Interrenalglandandchromaffincells 153 5.2.4.6 Gonads 153 5.2.4.7 Endocrinepancreas(isletofLangerhans) 154 5.2.4.8 Gastrointestinaltract 154 5.2.4.9 Ultimobranchialgland 154 5.2.4.10 CorpuscleofStannius 154 5.2.4.11 Urophysis 155 5.2.4.12 Thymus 155 5.2.5 Gonads 155 5.2.5.1 Ovary 156 5.2.5.2 Testis 157 5.2.6 Kidney 157 5.2.6.1 Pronephros 158 5.2.6.2 Mesonephros 158 5.2.6.3 Histologyofthekidney 158 Column 5.1 Howtomakesectionsofametureovaryforhistological analysis 160 6 LookingatMedakaEmbryos 165 6.1 DevelopmentofVariousTissuesandOrgans 165 6.1.1 Developmentalstages 165 6.1.1.0 Stage0;UnfertilizedEgg–Figure6-1 165 6.1.1.1 Stage1;activatedeggstage(3minutes)– Figure6-1 167 6.1.1.2 Stage2;blastodiscstage–Figure6-1 167 6.1.1.3 Stage3;two-cellstage(1hour5minutes)– Figure6-1 167 6.1.1.4 Stage4;four-cellstage(1hour45minutes)– Figure6-1 168 6.1.1.5 Stage5;eight-cellstage(2hours20minutes)– Figure6-1 168
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