Mechanisms and Models in Rheumatoid Arthritis

563 Pages·1995·53.42 MB·English

Mechanisms and Models
in Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Mechanisms and Models
in Rheumatoid Arthritis
B. Henderson
Maxillofacial Surgery Research Unit
Eastman Dental Institute and University College London Hospitals
256 Gray's Inn Road
London
WC1X 8LD, UK.
J.C.W. Edwards
Division of Rheumatology
University College London Medical School
Arthur Stanley House
Tottenham Street, London
W1P 9PG, UK.
and
E.R. Pettipher
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases
Central Research Division
Pfizer Inc
Groton, CT 06340
USA.
Academic Press
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Copyright (cid:14)9 1995 ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0-12-340440-1
Typeset by Fakenham Photosetting, Norfolk
Printed in Great Britain by the University Printing House, Cambridge
Contents
Introduction ix
List of Contributors xi
Section 1 Introduction to Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 1 Clinical Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis
I.B. Mclnnes and R. D. Sturrock
Chapter 2 Aetiopathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis 25
R.N. Maini, C.Q. Chu and M. Feldmann
Chapter 3 Mycoplasmas, Superantigens and Autoimmune Arthritis 47
B. C. Cole and A. Sawitzke
Chapter 4 Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis 67
G.S. Panayi
Section 2 Pathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 5 Histopathology of the Rheumatoid Joint 83
A.J. Freemont
Chapter 6 Cellular Mechanisms of Cartilage Destruction 115
D. E. Woolley
Chapter 7 Immunohistochemistry of Rheumatoid Synovium 133
J. C. W. Edwards" and L.S. Wilkinson
Section 3 Cellular Mechanisms in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 8 Fibroblastic Synovial Lining Cells (Synoviocytes) 153
J. C. W. Edwards
Chapter 9 Cellular Biology of Cartilage Degradation 163
A.R. Poole, M. A lini and A.P. Hollander
Chapter l0 Bone Cells and Bone Remodelling in Rheumatoid Arthritis 205
T. Skerry and M. Gowen
Chapter 11 Leukocyte Adhesion and Leukocyte Traffic in Rheumatoid
Arthritis 221
N. Oppenheimer-Marks and P.E. Lipsky
vi CONTENTS
Section 4 Humoral Mediators in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 12 Growth Factors in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis 243
J. Zagorski and S.M. Wahl
Chapter 13 Naturally Occurring Cytokine Inhibitors in Rheumatoid
Arthritis 261
G. S. Firestein
Chapter 14 Approaches to Novel Anti-arthritic Drugs by Modulation of the
Arachidonic Acid Cascade 283
R.M. McMillan, S.J. Foster and J.S. Shaw
Chapter 15 Free Radicals and Rheumatoid Disease 301
B. Halliwell
Chapter 16 Neuropeptides and the Synovium 317
P. 1. Mapp and D. R. Blake
Chapter 17 Proteinases and Connective Tissue Breakdown 333
T. E. Cawston
Section 5 Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 18 Role of Animal Models in the Study of Rheumatoid Arthritis:
an Overview 363
J. Zhang, B.M. Weichman and A.J. Lewis
Chapter 19 Immunogenetics of Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis 373
P. H. Wooley
Chapter 20 Adjuvant Arthritis: the First Model 389
M. E.J. Billingham
Chapter 21 Arthritis Induced by Bacteria and Viruses 411
M. M. Griffiths
Chapter 22 Bacterial Cell-wall Induced Arthritis: Models of Chronic
Recurrent Polyarthritis and Reactivation of Monoarticular
Arthritis 431
J.H. Schwab
Chapter 23 Collagen-induced Arthritis 447
D. E. Trentharn and R. Dynesius- Trentham
Chapter 24 Antigen-induced Arthritis 457
E.R. Pettipher and S. Blake
Chapter 25 Spontaneous Arthritis Models 471
F.X. O'Sullivan, R.E. Gay and S. Gay
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 26 Cytokines in Models of Arthritis 485
I.G. Otterness, F.A.J. van de Loo and M.L. Bliven
Chapter 27 Transgenic Animals in Rheumatoid Arthritis Research 507
S. Harris
Chapter 28 The Use of Animals in the Search for Anti-inflammatory Drugs 527
R.J. Griffiths
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Introduction
The term rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was coined by Garrod in 1859, but it was only in
1906 that Bannatyne distinguished the pathological changes occurring in RA from
those found in the other major arthritic disease of humanity- osteoarthritis.
Research into the aetiology and pathology of RA started in earnest in the 1960s and
has accelerated rapidly during the past three decades to the point where RA is now
accepted as the prototypic inflammatory disease. We now know a great deal about the
cellular and molecular aspects of this disease although it is less clear hbw much of this
vast array of information we understand. The fact that almost all the therapies cur-
rently prescribed to treat RA were developed before the 1960s attests to this view of
our lack of understanding. However, a number of modalities based on our current
understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of RA are currently in clinical trial.
One of the major advances in our understanding of RA has been the development
of animal models of this lesion. The first model, adjuvant disease, was developed in
the mid 1950s. Since then a slow but steady stream of models have appeared (antigen-
induced arthritis, bacterial cell wall arthritis, collagen-induced arthritis, etc) includ-
ing, in recent years, the use of transgenic animals to determine the effect of gene
ablation or supplementation on the arthritic process. Such models have been used in a
large number of investigations ranging from fundamental studies of the aetiology and
pathogenesis of RA to its response to known or novel drugs.
In this volume we bring together clinicians and basic scientists who are investigating
the nature of RA using both clinical material and animal models. It is rare for one
volume to encompass both groups of researchers. However, it is important that
information from both viewpoints is encompassed to give a modern overview of the
mechanisms involved in the aetiology and pathogenesis of RA.
In the first section of this volume the clinical picture of RA is reviewed and current
viewpoints of the autoimmune/infectious aetiopathogenesis are discussed followed by
a discussion of current and future therapeutic strategies for this condition. The second
section describes the general and cellular pathology of RA. This is further expanded
in the third section where the role of individual cell populations (synovial cells,
chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, lymphocytes, etc), and the process of leuko-
cyte trafficking, in the pathology of RA are discussed in detail. The fourth section
contains reviews of the various soluble mediators believed to be involved in the
pathogenesis of RA. The fifth and largest section is devoted to animal models of RA
and includes reviews on the immunogenetics of experimental arthritis, the discovery
of spontaneous models, the development of transgenic models and the use of animal
models in drug research.
It is hoped that this book will interest clinical rheumatologists and researchers in
various disciplines interested in the study of inflammation and arthritis.
ix