Mechanics of Fluids, Eighth Edition

710 Pages·2005·12.104 MB·English

by  Ward-Smith, John

Mechanics of Fluids
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Mechanics of Fluids
Eighth edition
Bernard Massey
ReaderEmeritusinMechanicalEngineering
UniversityCollege,London
Revised by
John Ward-Smith
FormerlySeniorLecturerinMechanicalEngineering
BrunelUniversity
SixtheditionpublishedbyChapman&Hallin1989
SeventheditionpublishedbyStanleyThornes(Publishers)Ltdin1998
PublishedbySponPressin2001
Eightheditionpublished2006
byTaylor&Francis
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada
byTaylor&Francis
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©2006BernardMasseyandJohnWard-Smith
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Massey,B.S.(BernardStanford)
Mechanicsoffluids/BernardMassey;revisedby
JohnWard-Smith.–8thed.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
“SeventheditionpublishedbyStanleyThornes(Publishers)Ltdin
1998PublishedbySponPressin2001.”
1.Fluidmechanics. I.Ward-Smith,A.J.(AlfredJohn) II.Title.
TA357.M372005
620.1’06–dc22 2005011591
ISBN 0-203-41352-0 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN0–415–36205–9(Hbk)
ISBN0–415–36206–7(Pbk)
Contents
Prefacetotheeighthedition ix
1 FundamentalConcepts 1
1.1 Thecharacteristicsoffluids 1
1.2 Notation,dimensions,unitsand
relatedmatters 4
1.3 Propertiesoffluids 12
1.4 Theperfectgas:equationofstate 17
1.5 Compressibility 20
1.6 Viscosity 21
1.7 Surfacetension 28
1.8 Basiccharacteristicsoffluidsinmotion 30
1.9 Classificationanddescriptionoffluidflow 33
1.10 Therolesofexperimentationandtheory
influidmechanics 38
1.11 Summary 41
Problems 41
2 FluidStatics 43
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Variationofpressurewithpositioninafluid 43
2.3 Themeasurementofpressure 48
2.4 Firstandsecondmomentsofarea 57
2.5 Hydrostaticthrustsonsubmergedsurfaces 59
2.6 Buoyancy 69
2.7 Thestabilityofbodiesinfluids 71
2.8 Equilibriumofmovingfluids 80
Problems 84
3 ThePrinciplesGoverningFluidsinMotion 89
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Accelerationofafluidparticle 89
3.3 Thecontinuityequation 90
3.4 Bernoulli’sequation 92
3.5 Generalenergyequationforsteadyflowofanyfluid 96
vi Contents
3.6 Pressurevariationperpendicular
tostreamlines 107
3.7 SimpleapplicationsofBernoulli’sequation 109
Problems 131
4 TheMomentumEquation 134
4.1 Introduction 134
4.2 Themomentumequationforsteadyflow 134
4.3 Applicationsofthemomentumequation 138
Problems 156
5 PhysicalSimilarityandDimensionalAnalysis 159
5.1 Introduction 159
5.2 Typesofphysicalsimilarity 160
5.3 Ratiosofforcesarisingindynamicsimilarity 162
5.4 Theprincipaldimensionlessgroupsoffluiddynamics 167
5.5 Otherdimensionlessgroups 167
5.6 Dimensionalanalysis 170
5.7 Theapplicationofdynamicsimilarity 179
5.8 Shipresistance 182
Problems 188
6 LaminarFlowBetweenSolidBoundaries 191
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 Steadylaminarflowincircularpipes:
theHagen–Poiseuillelaw 191
6.3 Steadylaminarflowthroughanannulus 198
6.4 Steadylaminarflowbetweenparallelplanes 199
6.5 Steadylaminarflowbetweenparallelplanes,
oneofwhichismoving 204
6.6 Themeasurementofviscosity 210
6.7 Fundamentalsofthetheoryof
hydrodynamiclubrication 220
6.8 Laminarflowthroughporousmedia 239
Problems 242
7 FlowandLossesinPipesandFittings 245
7.1 Introduction 245
7.2 Flowinpipesofcircularcrosssection 245
7.3 Variationoffrictionfactor 249
7.4 Distributionofshearstressinacircularpipe 257
7.5 Frictioninnon-circularconduits 259
7.6 Otherlossesinpipes 260
7.7 Totalheadandpressurelines 271
7.8 Pipesincombination 277
7.9 Conditionsnearthepipeentry 283
7.10 Quasi-steadyflowinpipes 284
7.11 Flowmeasurement 287
Problems 292
Contents vii
8 BoundaryLayers,WakesandOtherShearLayers 298
8.1 Introduction 298
8.2 Descriptionoftheboundarylayer 299
8.3 Thethicknessoftheboundarylayer 301
8.4 Themomentumequationappliedtotheboundarylayer 303
8.5 Thelaminarboundarylayeronaflatplatewithzero
pressuregradient 306
8.6 Theturbulentboundarylayeronasmoothflatplate
withzeropressuregradient 313
8.7 Frictiondragforlaminarandturbulentboundary
layerstogether 317
8.8 Effectofpressuregradient 320
8.9 Boundarylayercontrol 338
8.10 Effectofcompressibilityondrag 340
8.11 Eddyviscosityandthemixinglength
hypothesis 341
8.12 Velocitydistributioninturbulentflow 344
8.13 Freeturbulence 352
8.14 Computationalfluiddynamics 353
Problems 358
9 TheFlowofanInviscidFluid 361
9.1 Introduction 361
9.2 Thestreamfunction 362
9.3 Circulationandvorticity 364
9.4 Velocitypotential 367
9.5 Flownets 370
9.6 Basicpatternsofflow 373
9.7 Combiningflowpatterns 383
9.8 Combinationsofbasicflowpatterns 384
9.9 Functionsofacomplexvariable 399
9.10 Anintroductiontoelementary
aerofoiltheory 403
Problems 410
10 FlowwithaFreeSurface 414
10.1 Introduction 414
10.2 Typesofflowinopenchannels 415
10.3 Thesteady-flowenergyequationforopenchannels 416
10.4 Steadyuniformflow–theChézyequation 419
10.5 Theboundarylayerinopenchannels 423
10.6 Optimumshapeofcross-section 425
10.7 Flowinclosedconduitsonlypartlyfull 426
10.8 Simplewavesandsurgesinopenchannels 427
10.9 Specificenergyandalternativedepths
offlow 431
10.10 Thehydraulicjump 438
10.11 Theoccurrenceofcriticalconditions 443
10.12 Graduallyvariedflow 456
viii Contents
10.13 Oscillatorywaves 464
10.14 Tsunamis 480
10.15 Conclusion 482
Problems 483
11 CompressibleFlowofGases 487
11.1 Introduction 487
11.2 Thermodynamicconcepts 487
11.3 Energyequationwithvariabledensity:staticand
stagnationtemperature 491
11.4 Thespeedofsound 493
11.5 Shockwaves 499
11.6 Supersonicflowroundacorner 512
11.7 ThePitottubeincompressibleflow 517
11.8 Somegeneralrelationsforone-dimensionalflows 520
11.9 One-dimensionalflowthroughnozzles 522
11.10 Compressibleflowinpipesofconstantcross-section 530
11.11 High-speedflowpastanaerofoil 544
11.12 Analogybetweencompressibleflowandflowwith
afreesurface 546
11.13 Flowvisualization 548
Problems 550
12 UnsteadyFlow 554
12.1 Introduction 554
12.2 Inertiapressure 555
12.3 Pressuretransients 558
12.4 Surgetanks 583
Problems 588
13 FluidMachines 591
13.1 Introduction 591
13.2 Reciprocatingpumps 592
13.3 Turbines 596
13.4 Rotodynamicpumps 625
13.5 Hydrodynamictransmissions 651
13.6 Theeffectofsizeontheefficiencyoffluidmachines 656
Problems 657
Appendix1 UnitsandConversionFactors 663
Appendix2 PhysicalConstantsandPropertiesofFluids 667
Appendix3 TablesofGasFlowFunctions 672
Appendix4 AlgebraicSymbols 679
AnswerstoProblems 685
Index 689