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Mechanics of Fluids, Eighth Edition PDF

710 Pages·2005·12.104 MB·English
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Mechanics of Fluids Also available from Taylor & Francis HydraulicsinCivilandEnvironmental Engineering MartinBorthwick,AndrewChadwick, JohnMorfett Hb:0–415–30608–6 Pb:0–415–30609–4 PracticalHydraulics MelvynKey Hb:0–419–24230–9 Pb:0–419–22880–2 ComputationalFluidMechanicsand HeatTransfer DaleA.Anderson,RichardH.Pletcher, JohnC.Tannehill Hb:1–560–32046–X EngineeringFluidMechanics WilliamP.Graebel Hb:1–560–32711–1 Informationandorderingdetails Forpriceavailabilityandorderingvisitourwebsitewww.tandf.co.uk Alternativelyourbooksareavailablefromallgoodbookshops. Mechanics of Fluids Eighth edition Bernard Massey ReaderEmeritusinMechanicalEngineering UniversityCollege,London Revised by John Ward-Smith FormerlySeniorLecturerinMechanicalEngineering BrunelUniversity SixtheditionpublishedbyChapman&Hallin1989 SeventheditionpublishedbyStanleyThornes(Publishers)Ltdin1998 PublishedbySponPressin2001 Eightheditionpublished2006 byTaylor&Francis 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byTaylor&Francis 270MadisonAve,NewYork,NY10016,USA Taylor&FrancisisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup ©2006BernardMasseyandJohnWard-Smith This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” TherightofB.S.MasseyandJ.Ward-Smithtobeidentifiedasauthorsof thisworkhasbeenassertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor reproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,or othermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopying andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressorimplied,withregard totheaccuracyoftheinformationcontainedinthisbookandcannot acceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforanyeffortsor omissionsthatmaybemade. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Massey,B.S.(BernardStanford) Mechanicsoffluids/BernardMassey;revisedby JohnWard-Smith.–8thed. p.cm. Includesindex. “SeventheditionpublishedbyStanleyThornes(Publishers)Ltdin 1998PublishedbySponPressin2001.” 1.Fluidmechanics. I.Ward-Smith,A.J.(AlfredJohn) II.Title. TA357.M372005 620.1’06–dc22 2005011591 ISBN 0-203-41352-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN0–415–36205–9(Hbk) ISBN0–415–36206–7(Pbk) Contents Prefacetotheeighthedition ix 1 FundamentalConcepts 1 1.1 Thecharacteristicsoffluids 1 1.2 Notation,dimensions,unitsand relatedmatters 4 1.3 Propertiesoffluids 12 1.4 Theperfectgas:equationofstate 17 1.5 Compressibility 20 1.6 Viscosity 21 1.7 Surfacetension 28 1.8 Basiccharacteristicsoffluidsinmotion 30 1.9 Classificationanddescriptionoffluidflow 33 1.10 Therolesofexperimentationandtheory influidmechanics 38 1.11 Summary 41 Problems 41 2 FluidStatics 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Variationofpressurewithpositioninafluid 43 2.3 Themeasurementofpressure 48 2.4 Firstandsecondmomentsofarea 57 2.5 Hydrostaticthrustsonsubmergedsurfaces 59 2.6 Buoyancy 69 2.7 Thestabilityofbodiesinfluids 71 2.8 Equilibriumofmovingfluids 80 Problems 84 3 ThePrinciplesGoverningFluidsinMotion 89 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Accelerationofafluidparticle 89 3.3 Thecontinuityequation 90 3.4 Bernoulli’sequation 92 3.5 Generalenergyequationforsteadyflowofanyfluid 96 vi Contents 3.6 Pressurevariationperpendicular tostreamlines 107 3.7 SimpleapplicationsofBernoulli’sequation 109 Problems 131 4 TheMomentumEquation 134 4.1 Introduction 134 4.2 Themomentumequationforsteadyflow 134 4.3 Applicationsofthemomentumequation 138 Problems 156 5 PhysicalSimilarityandDimensionalAnalysis 159 5.1 Introduction 159 5.2 Typesofphysicalsimilarity 160 5.3 Ratiosofforcesarisingindynamicsimilarity 162 5.4 Theprincipaldimensionlessgroupsoffluiddynamics 167 5.5 Otherdimensionlessgroups 167 5.6 Dimensionalanalysis 170 5.7 Theapplicationofdynamicsimilarity 179 5.8 Shipresistance 182 Problems 188 6 LaminarFlowBetweenSolidBoundaries 191 6.1 Introduction 191 6.2 Steadylaminarflowincircularpipes: theHagen–Poiseuillelaw 191 6.3 Steadylaminarflowthroughanannulus 198 6.4 Steadylaminarflowbetweenparallelplanes 199 6.5 Steadylaminarflowbetweenparallelplanes, oneofwhichismoving 204 6.6 Themeasurementofviscosity 210 6.7 Fundamentalsofthetheoryof hydrodynamiclubrication 220 6.8 Laminarflowthroughporousmedia 239 Problems 242 7 FlowandLossesinPipesandFittings 245 7.1 Introduction 245 7.2 Flowinpipesofcircularcrosssection 245 7.3 Variationoffrictionfactor 249 7.4 Distributionofshearstressinacircularpipe 257 7.5 Frictioninnon-circularconduits 259 7.6 Otherlossesinpipes 260 7.7 Totalheadandpressurelines 271 7.8 Pipesincombination 277 7.9 Conditionsnearthepipeentry 283 7.10 Quasi-steadyflowinpipes 284 7.11 Flowmeasurement 287 Problems 292 Contents vii 8 BoundaryLayers,WakesandOtherShearLayers 298 8.1 Introduction 298 8.2 Descriptionoftheboundarylayer 299 8.3 Thethicknessoftheboundarylayer 301 8.4 Themomentumequationappliedtotheboundarylayer 303 8.5 Thelaminarboundarylayeronaflatplatewithzero pressuregradient 306 8.6 Theturbulentboundarylayeronasmoothflatplate withzeropressuregradient 313 8.7 Frictiondragforlaminarandturbulentboundary layerstogether 317 8.8 Effectofpressuregradient 320 8.9 Boundarylayercontrol 338 8.10 Effectofcompressibilityondrag 340 8.11 Eddyviscosityandthemixinglength hypothesis 341 8.12 Velocitydistributioninturbulentflow 344 8.13 Freeturbulence 352 8.14 Computationalfluiddynamics 353 Problems 358 9 TheFlowofanInviscidFluid 361 9.1 Introduction 361 9.2 Thestreamfunction 362 9.3 Circulationandvorticity 364 9.4 Velocitypotential 367 9.5 Flownets 370 9.6 Basicpatternsofflow 373 9.7 Combiningflowpatterns 383 9.8 Combinationsofbasicflowpatterns 384 9.9 Functionsofacomplexvariable 399 9.10 Anintroductiontoelementary aerofoiltheory 403 Problems 410 10 FlowwithaFreeSurface 414 10.1 Introduction 414 10.2 Typesofflowinopenchannels 415 10.3 Thesteady-flowenergyequationforopenchannels 416 10.4 Steadyuniformflow–theChézyequation 419 10.5 Theboundarylayerinopenchannels 423 10.6 Optimumshapeofcross-section 425 10.7 Flowinclosedconduitsonlypartlyfull 426 10.8 Simplewavesandsurgesinopenchannels 427 10.9 Specificenergyandalternativedepths offlow 431 10.10 Thehydraulicjump 438 10.11 Theoccurrenceofcriticalconditions 443 10.12 Graduallyvariedflow 456 viii Contents 10.13 Oscillatorywaves 464 10.14 Tsunamis 480 10.15 Conclusion 482 Problems 483 11 CompressibleFlowofGases 487 11.1 Introduction 487 11.2 Thermodynamicconcepts 487 11.3 Energyequationwithvariabledensity:staticand stagnationtemperature 491 11.4 Thespeedofsound 493 11.5 Shockwaves 499 11.6 Supersonicflowroundacorner 512 11.7 ThePitottubeincompressibleflow 517 11.8 Somegeneralrelationsforone-dimensionalflows 520 11.9 One-dimensionalflowthroughnozzles 522 11.10 Compressibleflowinpipesofconstantcross-section 530 11.11 High-speedflowpastanaerofoil 544 11.12 Analogybetweencompressibleflowandflowwith afreesurface 546 11.13 Flowvisualization 548 Problems 550 12 UnsteadyFlow 554 12.1 Introduction 554 12.2 Inertiapressure 555 12.3 Pressuretransients 558 12.4 Surgetanks 583 Problems 588 13 FluidMachines 591 13.1 Introduction 591 13.2 Reciprocatingpumps 592 13.3 Turbines 596 13.4 Rotodynamicpumps 625 13.5 Hydrodynamictransmissions 651 13.6 Theeffectofsizeontheefficiencyoffluidmachines 656 Problems 657 Appendix1 UnitsandConversionFactors 663 Appendix2 PhysicalConstantsandPropertiesofFluids 667 Appendix3 TablesofGasFlowFunctions 672 Appendix4 AlgebraicSymbols 679 AnswerstoProblems 685 Index 689

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