Mechanics of Biological Systems, Materials and other topics in Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4: Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics PDF
Preview Mechanics of Biological Systems, Materials and other topics in Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4: Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics
Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series Pablo Zavattieri · Majid Minary · Martha Grady Kathryn Dannemann · Wendy Crone Editors Mechanics of Biological Systems, Materials and other topics in Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4 Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series SeriesEditor KristinB.Zimmerman,Ph.D. SocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc., Bethel,CT,USA Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8922 Pablo Zavattieri • Majid Minary (cid:129) Martha Grady (cid:129) Kathryn Dannemann Wendy Crone Editors Mechanics of Biological Systems, Materials and other topics in Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4 Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics 123 Editors PabloZavattieri MajidMinary PurdueUniversity DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering WestLafayette UniversityofTexasatDallas IN,USA Richardson,TX,USA MarthaGrady KathrynDannemann CollegeofEngineering RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute UniversityofKentucky Troy,NY,USA Lexington,KY,USA WendyCrone DepartmentofEngineeringPhysics UniversityofWisconsin–Madison Madison,WI,USA ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652 (electronic) ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries ISBN978-3-319-63551-4 ISBN978-3-319-63552-1 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-63552-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015935194 ©TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherights oftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecific statement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedate ofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutional affiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Mechanics of Biological Systems, Materials and Other Topics in Experimental and Applied Mechanics represents one of nine volumes of technical papers presented at the 2017 SEM Annual Conference and Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics organized by the Society for Experimental Mechanics and held in Indianapolis, IN, June 12–15, 2017. The complete proceedings also includes volumes on Dynamic Behavior of Materials; Challenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials; Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics; Micro- and Nanomechanics; MechanicsofBiologicalSystemsandMaterials;MechanicsofComposite,HybridandMultifunctionalMaterials;Fracture, Fatigue,FailureandDamageEvolution;ResidualStress,ThermomechanicsandInfraredImaging,HybridTechniquesand InverseProblems;andMechanicsofAdditiveandAdvancedManufacturing. Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromexperimentalandcomputationalinvestigationsonanimportantareawithin experimental mechanics, the mechanics of biological systems and materials, and other topics in experimental and applied mechanicssuchaseducationandresearchinprogress,tonameafew. Thebiologicalsystemsandmaterialssegmentofthisvolumesummarizestheexchangeofideasandinformationamong scientistsandengineersinvolvedintheresearchandanalysisofhowmechanicalloadsinteractwiththestructure,properties, andfunctionoflivingorganismsandtheirtissues.Thescopeincludesexperimental,imaging,numerical,andmathematical techniques and tools spanning various lengths and time scales. Establishing this symposium at the Annual Meeting of the SocietyforExperimentalMechanicsprovidesavenuewherestate-of-the-artexperimentalmethodscanbeleveragedinthe studyofbiologicalandbio-inspiredmaterials,traumaticbraininjury,cellmechanics,andbiomechanicsingeneral.Amajor goal of the symposium was for participants to collaborate in the asking of fundamental questions and the development of newtechniquestoaddressbio-inspiredproblemsinsociety,humanhealth,andthenaturalworld.Theorganizerswouldlike tothankallthespeakersandstaffatSEMforenablingasuccessfulprogram. WestLafayette,IN,USA PabloZavattieri Richardson,TX,USA MajidMinary Lexington,KY,USA MarthaGrady Troy,NY,USA KathrynDannemann Madison,WI,USA WendyCrone v Contents 1 DesignofBoltedConnectioninCompositeBeamsforMomentResistance ...................................... 1 H.K.Cho,J.M.Considine,D.R.Rammer,andR.E.Rowlands 2 Measurementof3DDeformationFieldofECMGeneratedbyMesenchymalStemCellUsingDVC Method.................................................................................................................... 9 YasuyukiMorita,NaokiKawase,TakashiYamauchi,andYangJu 3 GlobalVibrationalModesinProteins:RamanSpectroscopyandNumericalModeling........................ 15 AlbertoCarpinteri,GiuseppeLacidogna,AndreaBassani,andGianfrancoPiana 4 DigitalImageCorrelationStudyoftheDeformationandFunctioningoftheHumanHeartduring Open-HeartSurgery .................................................................................................... 19 AyatSoltani,S.Curtze,J.Lahti,K.Järvelä,J.Laurikka,M.Hokka,andV.-T.Kuokkala 5 AnisotropicConductivityTensorforIrreversibleElectroporationSimulations.................................. 29 NicholasLaBarberaandCorinaDrapaca 6 Two-DimensionalCultureSystemstoInvestigateMechanicalInteractionsoftheCell ......................... 37 BrettN.Napiwocki,AlanaStempien,JacobNotbohm,RandolphS.Ashton,andWendyCrone 7 ContinuousCompositeBeamsStiffenedwithCFRPSheetattheHoggingMomentRegion ................... 41 AymanEl-Zohairy,HaniSalim,SuzanMostafa,andHeshamShaaban 8 EvaluationofFiniteElementCodesfortheSimulationofAluminumExtrusionProcess ...................... 53 TusharBakhtiani,JingZhang,andHazimEl-Mounayri 9 TheExtendedAbstract:TheGrowthandMechanicalPropertyofMesolayerinAbaloneNacre ............. 65 BartProrok,AnqiZhang,YanChen,andFucitoKristin 10 DynamicAnalysisofaCriticalUnmannedAerialVehicleComponentsforDevelopmentofFuture StructuralHealthMonitoringTechniques............................................................................ 71 MichaelCoatney,NatashaBradley,andJinYoo 11 WaterShockExperimentsonAutomotiveUnderbodyPanels...................................................... 75 KevinA.Gardner,JeremyD.Seidt,andAmosGilat 12 ExperimentallyValidatedFiniteElementSimulationofAluminumExtrusionofaMicro-Multiport Condenser ................................................................................................................ 81 TusharBakhtiani,HazimEl-Mounayri,andJingZhang vii Chapter 1 Design of Bolted Connection in Composite Beams for Moment Resistance H.K.Cho,J.M.Considine,D.R.Rammer,andR.E.Rowlands Abstract Bolted/pinned joints in orthotropic composite materials have received considerable attention over the years. Bolt fastening is one of the most commonly used methods to connect wood to wood and/or wood to steel, etc. Stresses at such connections can be the “Achilles’ heel”, causing structural failures. Notwithstanding the challenges in stress analyzing bolted joints, their advantages and widespread use motivate developing ability to optimize their design. Acknowledging the above, a finite element code is combined here with a screening optimization algorithm to optimize a bolt-hole pattern used to connect orthotropic wood members. A loaded wood beam having four connecting bolt holes at oneendisoptimized.Theultimategoalistofindoptimalholepatternand/orindividualholepositionundergivenloadand displacementboundaryconditions. Keywords Optimization (cid:129) Orthotropicmaterial (cid:129) Wood (cid:129) Hole (cid:129) Boltedjoints (cid:129) FEA 1.1 Introduction Motivated by features such as ease of assembly, bolted joints are commonly used in steel and wood structures. Although considerable related literature exists on the mechanics of loaded holes [1–4], little appears to be available on optimizing bolted connections in wood. Wood is a natural and recyclable orthotropic material which is receiving extensive current attention for multi-story structures. Beam connections are critical for all multi-story wood structures, but especially in earthquakepronezones. Optimization of bolt-hole pattern is carried out for a loaded wooden (Douglas Fir) beam so as to minimize the bearing stressesattheholesandbeamdeflection.Fourboltholesareinvolved.Whiletheoreticalformulaeareavailableforanalyzing stressesand strainsaround loaded holes, such studies tend tobe limitedtoa single hole in an infinite member. Inorder to reduce the number of experiments examining bolt hole configuration, a FEM analysis was the primary component of the initialinvestigation. An optimization algorithm is combined with FEA module to optimize the design. Commercial FEA software, ANSYS Xplorer, is used for the optimization. The main solver consists of a general static analysis FEA code and optimization algorithm. The process iterates until convergence of the optimization algorithm is reached. Since numerous iterations are needed to obtain an accurate solution, the iteration process time-consuming. During the process, the geometric model configuration changes at every step. Corresponding to the model shape modifications, new mesh-generation, application ofboundaryconditionandstaticstressanalysisareconducted. Since the maximum contact stress at hole boundaries are a criterion for the optimization analysis, accurate values of these bearing stresses are necessary, though this effort examines the 2-dimensional case only. Several numerical and/or experimentalstudiesappearintheliteraturewhichattempttoaccountfortheactualbolt-holecontactstresses.Inthepresent H.K.Cho((cid:2)) ExtoEngineeringCo.Ltd,HayangupHayangro13-13,KyungsanKyungpook,37430,SouthKorea e-mail:[email protected] J.M.Considine(cid:129)D.R.Rammer USDAForestProductsLaboratory,Madison,WI,53705,USA R.E.Rowlands UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI,53706,USA ©TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2018 1 P.Zavattierietal.(eds.),MechanicsofBiologicalSystems,MaterialsandothertopicsinExperimentalandAppliedMechanics, Volume4,ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-63552-1_1 2 H.KChoetal. study,boltcontactconditionswithaspecialfunctionisadoptedwhichwellrepresentsthecontactbolt-holephenomena.The iterationsoftwareprocessincludingbothFEAandoptimizationalgorithmenablesonetofindseveraloptimalholepositions intheelasticwoodplate. 1.2 OptimizationArchitecture Optimization is achieved with ANSYS Xplorer. The method performs the theoretical background and processes the optimization according to a slightly different technique than most conventional optimization numerical methods. The conventionalmethodssearchthehighestandlowestpointsbycalculatingtheslopeofthedesigndomain,orrandomsearch methodlikegeneticalgorithmwhichgeneratesanumberofcandidatesandrepeatiterationtoreachtheultimatepoint.The methodiscalled‘naturalselectionanddegeneration. ThepresentoptimizationprocessisshowninFig.1.1.TheindividualoptimizationandFEAmodulemutuallyexchange resultstoobtainasolution.Theoptimizationmoduledefinesthedesignvariablesandthendeterminesthesamplingpoints bythewell-knownDOE(designofexperiment)method[5].Itprovidesascreeningsettodeterminetheoveralltrendsofthe meta-modeltobetterguidethechoiceofoptionsinoptimalspacefillingdesign. The finite element analysis results at individual sampling points are calculated to obtain an exact solution at a specific point. The ultimate goal of design sampling point (design point) determination by such an experimental design method is tofindthe“responsesurface”inthedesignareatobeusedforthefinaloptimization.Constructingtheresponsesurfaceas start Optimization Algorithm FEA Initial Condition Initialize input data (X , Y ···. X , Y ) 1 1 4 4 Change CAD Geometry Design of Experiments Mesh Generation Response Surface Apply B. C. Screening Solve [K}{d}={F} Stress, Covergence Displacement No Optimal Candidate Convergence Yes End Fig.1.1 Schematicdiagramoftheoptimizationarchitectureprocess 1 DesignofBoltedConnectioninCompositeBeamsforMomentResistance 3 closetotheactualsolutionaspossibleisimportantindeterminingtheaccuracyoftheanalysis.Theaccuracyofaresponse surfacedepends onseveral factors:complexity ofthevariations ofthesolution,number ofpoints intheoriginaldesignof experimentsandthechoiceoftheresponsesurfacetype[5]. Varioustheorieshave been utilizedtocalculate theresponsesurface.AKrigingschemeisusedheretobetterrepresent complex nonlinear design surfaces. After the response surfaces have been computed, the design can be thoroughly investigated using a variety of numerical tools and valid design points identified by optimization techniques. We used the screeningmethodsasanoptimizationmethodtoobtainthefinaloptimalsolution.Thescreeningscheme,whichcanbeused for response surface optimization, allows one to generate a new sample set and sort its samples based on objectives and constraints.Itisanon-iterativeapproachthatisavailableforalltypesofinputparameters. The method effectively distributes a large number of candidates in the entire design domain and then provides the best severalresultsthroughanaccurateassessment.Thisoptimizationprocessiscalled“goaldrivenoptimization”.Advantages ofthismethodarethattheoptimalsolutionisveryeffectiveinpreventingentrappedlocalminimumand/ormaximum,and iteasilyandrapidlyfindsaglobaloptimalpoint.Thecomputationtimeisalsomuchlessthanthatofthegeneticalgorithm approach which finds the optimal solution by the conventional random method. A disadvantage of the method is that the numericalcalculationprocessesarerelativelycomplexandtheaccuracyoftheoptimalsolutionmaybesomewhatreduced iftheresponsesurfaceisnotcorrectlyconstructed. 1.3 Application 1.3.1 MaterialPropertiesofWoodBeam An optimization analysis has been carried out here on a wood (Douglas-Fir) beam containing bolt holes. Wood is n orthotropic composite material and its mechanical properties are well known, Fig. 1.2 [6]. Relative to bolted joints, the presentobjectiveistoenhancethemechanicalperformancethroughtheoptimizationofthebolthole.Thememberusedin thisanalysisisarelativelythinwoodenbeam,andduetoanegligiblysmallvariationofthematerialpropertiesthroughthe thickness,thewoodbeamcanbeimplementedasa2D(planestress)model. Table1.1showsthepropertiesofDouglas-Firwood[6,7]needfortheFEManalysis.Thestiffnessandphysicalproperties ofwoodhavesomedifferentcharacteristicsfromthephysicalpropertiesofmetal. Theeffectoftemperatureonmaterialpropertiesisrelativelysmallinwood,buttheeffectofmoisturecontentisrelatively large. For materials with very high longitudinal and transverse stiffness, such as wood, much attention is needed in stress analysis,e.g.,stressdistributionscanbehighlyinfluencedbythematerialdirectionality.Thiscanbeparticularlyimportant Fig.1.2 Orthotropicmaterialdirectionsinwood Table1.1 Materialpropertiesof Properties Douglas-Fir E (GPa) 13.53 L E (GPa) 0.77 T G (GPa) 1.06 LT (cid:2) 0.45 LT
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