Mechanical Behaviour of Materials: Volume II: Fracture Mechanics and Damage

687 Pages·2013·19.013 MB·English

by  Dominique François, André Pineau, André Zaoui (auth.)

Mechanical Behaviour of Materials
SOLID MECHANICS ANDITS APPLICATIONS
Volume191
SeriesEditors: G.M.L.GLADWELL
DepartmentofCivilEngineering
UniversityofWaterloo
Waterloo,Ontario,CanadaN2L3GI
AimsandScopeoftheSeries
The fundamental questions arising in mechanics are: Why?, How?, and How
much? The aim of this series is to providelucid accountswritten by authoritative
researchersgivingvisionandinsightinansweringthesequestionsonthesubjectof
mechanicsasitrelatestosolids.
The scope of the series covers the entire spectrum of solid mechanics. Thus it
includes the foundation of mechanics; variational formulations; computational
mechanics;statics,kinematicsanddynamicsofrigidandelasticbodies:vibrations
of solids and structures; dynamical systems and chaos; the theories of elasticity,
plasticity and viscoelasticity; composite materials; rods, beams, shells and
membranes;structuralcontrolandstability;soils,rocksandgeomechanics;fracture;
tribology;experimentalmechanics;biomechanicsandmachinedesign.
The median level of presentation is the first year graduate student. Some texts
aremonographsdefiningthecurrentstateofthefield;othersareaccessibletofinal
yearundergraduates;butessentiallytheemphasisisonreadabilityandclarity.
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/6557
Dominique Franc¸ois • Andre´ Pineau • Andre´ Zaoui
Mechanical Behaviour
of Materials
Volume II: Fracture Mechanics and Damage
123
Prof.Dr.DominiqueFranc¸ois Andre´Pineau
E´coleCentraledeParis E´coledesMinesdeParis
Paris ParisTech
France CentredesMate´riauxUMRCNRS
E´vryCedex
Prof.Andre´Zaoui France
FrenchAcade´miedesSciences AcademyofEngineering
Paris Paris
France France
AcademyofEngineering
Paris
France
ISSN0925-0042
ISBN978-94-007-4929-0 ISBN978-94-007-4930-6(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4930-6
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011944979
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013
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Foreword
Without repeating all the considerations included in the foreword of Volume I
of Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, we simply want to stress, in view of the
problemsstill present in the design of componentsand structures, the importance
of a good link between material science and mechanics, more precisely between
deformation mechanisms and constitutive equations. We insisted on the need to
teach these aspects to graduate students, possibly even to undergraduates and to
makeengineersawareofthissubject.Itiswiththesameobjectiveinmindthatwe
haveundertakenwritingthepresentvolume.
VolumeIofMechanicalBehaviourofMaterialshasgiventhetoolstocalculate
the stress and strain fields in loaded bodies with different constitutive behaviours
and to understand the physical mechanisms at work in each case. This should
helpstudentsandengineersto reachsoundresultsandto findwaysforimproving
materials.WithVolumeIIwenowwishtodothesamefortheavoidanceoffailures.
We think that this requires a thoroughunderstandingof damage mechanisms. We
thustackleinsixchaptersbrittleandductilefractureandthetransitionbetweenthe
two,fatigueandcreepdamages,environmentalassistedcracking.Asthisismostly
rootedinthecaseofmetallicmaterials,weincludeaseventhchaptertotreatcasesof
non-metallicmaterials:ceramics, glasses, concrete,polymers,woods,composites.
A complete outline on fracture mechanics precedesthese seven chapters, because
thisconstitutesanunavoidabletooltostudydamagesandalsotopredictthelifeof
componentsandstructures.Thisisthendevelopedforthevariouskindsoffailuresin
thecorrespondingchapters.Aspecialcaseofdamageisthatduetofrictionandwear.
Wefeltthatwecouldnotavoiddealingwiththeseverydetrimentalphenomena.A
ratherdifferentkindofpresentationisadoptedinthechapterdealingwiththem,as
it was needed first to give results of contact mechanics and we could not expand
too much on the mechanisms. The extent of the various chapters is not the same
according to the subjects. For instance, in the case of fatigue, object of so many
researchesandbooks,we sticktotheessential. Thechaptersonbrittleandductile
fractureandoncreeparemoreelaborate,asupdatingknowledgeisrequired.
As forVolume I, this re-editionis rootedonthe Klu¨weredition of Mechanical
Behaviour of Materials, which owes much to the translation of “Comportement
v
vi Foreword
me´canique des mate´riaux” by Jack Howlett whose work was essential. We have
now added a great deal of up-to-date material and we hope that our six-hand
playing,notwithstandingourinabilitytoplaythepiano(therearesix-handscores),
haselectronicallyproduced(amanuscriptwouldhaverequiredthreehandsonly)a
readableandoriginalcompendiumofmaterialsscienceandmechanics.Hopefully,
let students, professors and engineers enjoy it. This volume could not have been
completed without the help and precious contributions of Jacques Verdu, Lucien
Laiarinandrasana,MichelBoussuge,MarcBle´tryandHenryProudhon.Wewishto
thank them very warmly. We are also very grateful to Eva He´ripre´ and to Rene´
Billardon for beautiful pictures. Contributions received over the years from our
colleagues and from students have helped us greatly and gave us the incentive to
carrythroughourproject.WearegratefultoProf.GrahamGladwellfromUniversity
ofWaterloo,Canada,forincludingthisvolumeasthelastoneintheseriesofwhich
heisresponsible.
We tried to illustrate the book with enough figures. Many are adapted from
publications and the authors are acknowledged. We hope nobody was forgotten;
ifnotso,wewouldwelcomeanyrequest.
In the previous edition of Mechanical Behaviour of Materials (Klu¨wer 1998)
exercises were included. They have disappeared in this revised version, which
has expanded.We advise disappointedreaders that we are now writing a volume,
which will be entirely devoted to exercises. They will illustrate all chapters of
bothvolumes.Furthermore,wewouldliketoproduceanotherbookincludingcase
studies and what we called long exercises, that is elaborate studies of various
problems. We dream to initiate some interactive production. Thus, we would
encourageandwelcomecontributionsofanykind.
Publishing a book like this one requires a lot of careful and tedious auxiliary
work.We pay tribute in this respectto Joe¨lle Pineau and to Odile Adam. We also
liketothankthestaffofSpringerwhotookgoodcareofourworkandansweredour
questions,especiallyNathalieJacobsandAnnekePot.Readerswillappreciatethe
layoutandwearethankfultooforthescrupulousworkoftheeditor.
Acknowledgements
Illustrations in this book are for the most part originals or adapted from various
sources. Many figures were provided by courtesy of authors and publishers. Let
themallbethanked.
Permissions for reproduction were solicited for the reproduction of original
figures and photographs.Would publishersand authorswho would not have been
identified signal it to Springer so acknowledgements could be given in future
editions.
The authors would like to acknowledge the following publishers for their
permissiontouseanumberoffiguresincludedinthetext:
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