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June6,2018 CVR_DOWL6545_05_SE_FEP.tex page i June6,2018 CVR_DOWL6545_05_SE_BEP.tex page 962 MATERIALS PROPERTIES LOCATOR TableNo. Page MaterialType DataListed 2.2 57 Whiskers,fibers,wires E,σ u 3.2 90 Metals E,σ ,σ ,100ε ,%RA o u f 3.3 91 Polymers E,σ ,σ ,100ε ,Izodenergy,T o f f d 3.4 92 Ceramics,glasses,stone T ,ρ,E,σ ,σ m u uc 3.5 93 SiCinAlcomposite E,σ ,σ ,100ε o u f 3.7 107 Metals σ˜ ,ε˜ ,H,n,HB fB f 3.8 108 Representative E,σ orσ ,ρ,cost o u 4.1 134 Ceramics,glasses E,σ ,HV fb 5.2 166 Metals,polymers,ceramics E,ν 5.3 181 Fibers,epoxy,composites E,G,ν,ρ 7.1 266 Stone,concrete,grayiron σ ,σ ,C-Mfittingconstants u uc 8.1 300 Metals K ;alsoσ ,σ ,100ε ,%RA Ic o u f 8.2 301 Polymers,ceramics K Ic 9.1 383 Metals σ -N constants;alsoσ ,σ ,σ˜ a f o u fB 10.1 464 Metals Fatiguelimitestimates 10.2 480 Metals S-Ncurveestimatesat103cycles 11.1 524 Steelsbyclass da/dN-�Kconstants 11.2 535 Steels,aluminums da/dN-�Kconstants(Walker);alsoK ,σ Ic o 11.3 538 Metals da/dN-�Kconstants(Forman);alsoK ,σ Ic o 12.1 594 Metalalloys K ,a˙,K IEAC Ic 12.5 605 Solvents,polymers δ ,δ e p 13.1 641 Steels,aluminums E,H�,n�;alsoσ ,σ o u 15.1 727 Metals ε -N constants;E,H�,n�;σ ,σ ,σ˜ ,%RA a f o u fB 16.3 802 Metals L-Mparameterconstants 16.4 816 Metals σ-ε-tnonlinearcreepconstants B.5 881 Metals,stone,concrete K andstatistics;alsoσ orσ Ic o uc C.1 886 Metals,alloys T ,ρ,E m C.9 907 Polymers T ,T g m ExplanationofSymbolsforMaterialsProperties a˙ Crackvelocity T Meltingtemperature m E Elasticmodulus δ ,δ Solubilityparameters e p G Shearmodulus 100ε Percentelongation f H,n Monotonicσ-εconstants ε˜ Truefracturestrain f � � H ,n Cyclicσ-εconstants ν Poisson’sratio HB Brinellhardness ρ Density HV Vickershardness σ Engineeringfracturestrength f K Planestrainfracturetoughness σ˜ Truefracturestrength Ic fB K Environmentalcrackingthreshold σ Bendstrength IEAC fb %RA Percentreductioninarea σ Yieldstrength o T Heatdeflectiontemperature σ Ultimatetensilestrength d u T Glasstransitiontemperature σ Ultimatecompressivestrength g uc UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS SIEquivalent Quantity SIUnit U.S.Unit toU.S.Unit Length meter(m) inch(in) 0.0254m millimeter(mm) inch(in) 25.4mm Force newton(N) pound(lb) 4.448N kilonewton(kN) kilopound(kip) 4.448kN Momentor N·m lb·in 0.1130N·m Torque Energy joule(J)=N·m in·lb 0.1130J ft·lb 1.356J calorie(cal) 4.184J Energyper J/m3 in·lb/in3 6895J/m3 UnitVolume Stressor pascal(Pa)=N/m2 psi=lb/in2 6895Pa Pressure MPa=MN/m2=N/mm2 ksi=kip/in2 6.895MPa √ √ √ StressIntensity MPa m ksi in 1.099MPa m KofFracture Mechanics Notes: (1)Understandardgravityonearth,a1kilogram(kg)masshasaweightforceof 9.807N,or2.205lb.Also,forstress,(σ,kg/mm2)×9.807=(σ,MPa). (2)Timeisgiveninunitsofseconds(s),minutes(min),orhours(h). (3)TemperatureisgivenindegreesCelsius(◦C),ontheabsolutescaleofkelvins (K),orindegreesFahrenheit(◦F).Conversionsare T(◦F)−32 T(K)=T(◦C)+273.15, T(◦C)= 1.8 (4)Prefixesindicatingchangesintheorderofmagnitudeofthebasicunits,such as103N=kN,areasfollows: Prefix giga mega kilo centi milli micro nano Symbol G M k c m μ n Factor 109 106 103 10−2 10−3 10−6 10−9 This page intentionally left blank Mechanical Behavior of Materials Fifth Edition Global Edition This page intentionally left blank Mechanical Behavior of Materials Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue Fifth Edition Global Edition Norman E. Dowling Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, USA Stephen L. Kampe Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI, USA Milo V. Kral University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand May23,2019 A01_DOWL6545_05_SE_CPR.tex page xvii SeniorVicePresidentCoursewarePortfolioManagement,Engineering,ComputerScience,Mathematics,Statistics,andGlobalEditions: MarciaJ.Horton Director,PortfolioManagement,Engineering,ComputerScience,andGlobalEditions:JulianPartridge ExecutivePortfolioManager:HollyStark PortfolioManagementAssistant:AmandaPerfit ManagingProducer,ECSandMathematics:ScottDisanno SeniorContentProducer:ErinAult SeniorProjectEditor,GlobalEdition:K.K.Neelakantan Manager,RightsandPermissions:BenFerrini OperationsSpecialist:MauraZaldivar-Garcia SeniorManufacturingController,GlobalEdition:KayHolman InventoryManager:BruceBoundy ProductMarketingManager:YvonneVannatta FieldMarketingManager:DemetriusHall MarketingAssistant:JonBryant Manager,MediaProduction,GlobalEdition:VikramKumar ProjectManager:LouiseCapulli CoverDesign:LuminaDatamatics,Inc. PearsonEducationLimited KAOTwo KAOPark Harlow CM179SR UnitedKingdom andAssociatedCompaniesthroughouttheworld VisitusontheWorldWideWebat:www.pearsonglobaleditions.com (cid:2)c PearsonEducationLimited,2020 TherightsofNormanE.Dowling,StephenL.Kampe,andMiloV.Kraltobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisworkhavebeenasserted bytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. AuthorizedadaptationfromtheUnitedStatesedition,entitledMechanicalBehaviorofMaterials:EngineeringMethodsforDeforma- tion,Fracture,andFatigue,5thEdition,ISBN978-0-13-460654-5byNormanE.Dowling,StephenL.Kampe,andMiloV.Kral,published byPearsonEducation(cid:2)c 2019. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisheror alicensepermittingrestrictedcopyingintheUnitedKingdomissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,SaffronHouse,6–10 KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Alltrademarksusedhereinarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.Theuseofanytrademarkinthistextdoesnotvestintheauthor orpublisheranytrademarkownershiprightsinsuchtrademarks,nordoestheuseofsuchtrademarksimplyanyaffiliationwithor endorsementofthisbookbysuchowners.Forinformationregardingpermissions,requestforms,andtheappropriatecontactswithin thePearsonEducationGlobalRightsandPermissionsdepartment,pleasevisitwww.pearsoned.com/permissions. ThiseBookisastandaloneproductandmayormaynotincludeallassetsthatwerepartoftheprintversion.Italsodoesnotprovide accesstootherPearsondigitalproductslikeMyLabandMastering.Thepublisherreservestherighttoremoveanymaterialinthis eBookatanytime. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN10:1-292-27935-4 ISBN13:978-1-292-27935-0 eBookISBN13:978-1-292-27937-4 TypesetbyIntegra PrintedandboundbyVivarinMalaysia Contents PREFACE 13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 18 1 Introduction 19 1.1 Introduction 19 1.2 TypesofMaterialFailure 20 1.3 DesignandMaterialsSelection 29 1.4 TechnologicalChallenge 34 1.5 EconomicImportanceofFracture 36 1.6 Summary 37 References 38 ProblemsandQuestions 38 2 Structure,Defects,andDeformationinMaterials 40 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 BondinginSolids 42 2.3 StructureinCrystallineMaterials 45 2.4 DefectsinMaterials 48 2.5 ElasticDeformationandTheoreticalStrength 53 2.6 InelasticDeformation 58 2.7 Summary 63 References 64 ProblemsandQuestions 64 3 MechanicalTesting:TensionTestandStress–StrainMechanisms 66 3.1 Introduction 66 3.2 IntroductiontoTensionTest 71 3.3 EngineeringStress–StrainProperties 76 3.4 MaterialsScienceDescriptionofTensileBehavior 85 3.5 TrendsinTensileBehavior 89 7 8 Contents 3.6 TrueStress–StrainInterpretationofTensionTest 95 3.7 MaterialsSelectionforEngineeringComponents 106 3.8 Summary 112 References 113 ProblemsandQuestions 114 4 MechanicalTesting:AdditionalBasicTests 124 4.1 Introduction 124 4.2 CompressionTest 124 4.3 HardnessTests 129 4.4 Notch-ImpactTests 137 4.5 BendingandTorsionTests 142 4.6 Summary 147 References 148 ProblemsandQuestions 148 5 Stress–StrainRelationshipsandBehavior 153 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 ModelsforDeformationBehavior 154 5.3 ElasticDeformation 165 5.4 AnisotropicMaterials 177 5.5 Summary 186 References 188 ProblemsandQuestions 188 6 ReviewofComplexandPrincipalStatesofStressandStrain 196 6.1 Introduction 196 6.2 PlaneStress 197 6.3 PrincipalStressesandtheMaximumShearStress 207 6.4 Three-DimensionalStatesofStress 215 6.5 StressesontheOctahedralPlanes 222 6.6 ComplexStatesofStrain 224 6.7 Summary 229 References 230 ProblemsandQuestions 230 7 YieldingandFractureunderCombinedStresses 236 7.1 Introduction 236 7.2 GeneralFormofFailureCriteria 238 7.3 MaximumNormalStressFractureCriterion 240 7.4 MaximumShearStressYieldCriterion 243