Mechanical APDL Modeling and Meshing Guide

254 Pages·2012·4.58 MB·English

ANSYS Mechanical APDL Modeling and
Meshing Guide
ANSYS, Inc. Release 14.5
Southpointe October 2012
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Table of Contents
1. Understanding Model Generation.......................................................................................................... 1
1.1.What Is Model Generation?............................................................................................................... 1
1.2.Typical Steps Involved in Model Generation Within ANSYS................................................................. 1
1.2.1. Comparing Solid Modeling and Direct Generation.................................................................... 2
1.2.1.1. Solid Modeling................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.1.2. Direct Generation............................................................................................................ 3
1.3. Importing Solid Models Created in CAD systems............................................................................... 4
2. Planning Your Approach......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Choosing a Model Type (2-D, 3-D, etc.)............................................................................................... 5
2.2. Choosing Between Linear and Higher Order Elements....................................................................... 6
2.2.1. Linear Elements (No Midside Nodes)......................................................................................... 6
2.2.2. Quadratic Elements (Midside Nodes)........................................................................................ 7
2.3. Limitations on Joining Different Elements....................................................................................... 10
2.4. Finding Ways to Take Advantage of Symmetry................................................................................. 11
2.4.1. Some Comments on Axisymmetric Structures......................................................................... 12
2.4.1.1. Some Special Requirements for Axisymmetric Models.................................................... 12
2.4.1.2. Some Further Hints and Restrictions.............................................................................. 13
2.5. Determining How Much Detail to Include........................................................................................ 13
2.6. Determining the Appropriate Mesh Density.................................................................................... 14
3. Coordinate Systems.............................................................................................................................. 15
3.1. Global and Local Coordinate Systems.............................................................................................. 15
3.1.1. Global Coordinate Systems..................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2. Local Coordinate Systems....................................................................................................... 16
3.1.3.The Active Coordinate System................................................................................................ 18
3.1.4. Surfaces................................................................................................................................. 18
3.1.5. Closed Surfaces and Surface Singularities............................................................................... 20
3.2. Display Coordinate System.............................................................................................................. 21
3.3. Nodal Coordinate Systems.............................................................................................................. 21
3.3.1. Data Interpreted in the Nodal Coordinate System................................................................... 22
3.4. Element Coordinate Systems........................................................................................................... 23
3.5.The Results Coordinate System........................................................................................................ 24
4. Using Working Planes........................................................................................................................... 25
4.1. Creating a Working Plane................................................................................................................ 26
4.1.1. Defining a New Working Plane................................................................................................ 26
4.1.2. Controlling the Display and Style of the Working Plane........................................................... 26
4.1.3. Moving the Working Plane..................................................................................................... 27
4.1.4. Rotating the Working Plane.................................................................................................... 27
4.1.5. Recreating a Previously-defined Working Plane....................................................................... 27
4.2.Working Plane Enhancements......................................................................................................... 28
4.2.1. Snap Increment...................................................................................................................... 28
4.2.2. Display Grid........................................................................................................................... 29
4.2.3. Retrieval Tolerance................................................................................................................. 29
4.2.4. Coordinate Type..................................................................................................................... 29
4.2.5.Working Plane Tracking.......................................................................................................... 30
5. Solid Modeling...................................................................................................................................... 33
5.1. An Overview of Solid Modeling Operations..................................................................................... 33
5.2. Creating Your Solid Model from the Bottom Up............................................................................... 37
5.2.1. Keypoints............................................................................................................................... 38
5.2.2. Hard Points............................................................................................................................ 40
5.2.3. Lines...................................................................................................................................... 41
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5.2.4. Areas ..................................................................................................................................... 45
5.2.5.Volumes................................................................................................................................. 48
5.2.5.1. Extruding Volumes........................................................................................................ 50
5.2.5.2. Sweeping Volumes........................................................................................................ 52
5.3. Creating Your Solid Model from the Top Down: Primitives................................................................ 52
5.3.1. Creating Area Primitives......................................................................................................... 53
5.3.2. Creating Volume Primitives..................................................................................................... 54
5.3.2.1. Creating a Torus or Toroidal Sector................................................................................. 55
5.4. Sculpting Your Model with Boolean Operations............................................................................... 56
5.4.1. Boolean Operation Settings.................................................................................................... 57
5.4.2. Entity Numbering After Boolean Operations........................................................................... 58
5.4.3. Intersect ................................................................................................................................ 58
5.4.3.1. Illustrations of Intersection Operations........................................................................... 59
5.4.4. Pairwise Intersect................................................................................................................... 61
5.4.4.1. Illustrations of Pairwise Intersection Operations............................................................. 62
5.4.5. Add ....................................................................................................................................... 64
5.4.5.1. Illustrations of Addition Operations................................................................................ 64
5.4.6. Subtract................................................................................................................................. 65
5.4.6.1. Illustrations of Subtraction Operations........................................................................... 67
5.4.7.Working Plane Subtract.......................................................................................................... 72
5.4.7.1. Illustrations of Working Plane Subtraction Operations.................................................... 73
5.4.8. Classify .................................................................................................................................. 74
5.4.9. Overlap.................................................................................................................................. 75
5.4.9.1. Illustrations of Overlap Operations................................................................................. 75
5.4.10. Partition............................................................................................................................... 76
5.4.10.1. Illustrations of Partition Operations.............................................................................. 76
5.4.11. Glue (or Merge).................................................................................................................... 77
5.4.11.1. Illustrations of Glue Operations.................................................................................... 77
5.4.12. Alternatives to Boolean Operations....................................................................................... 78
5.5. Updating after Boolean Operations................................................................................................. 79
5.6. Moving and Copying Solid Model Entities........................................................................................ 80
5.6.1. Generating Entities from a Pattern.......................................................................................... 81
5.6.2. Generating Entities by Symmetry Reflection........................................................................... 81
5.6.3.Transferring a Pattern of Entities to a Coordinate System......................................................... 82
5.7. Scaling Solid Model Entities............................................................................................................ 82
5.8. Solid Model Loads.......................................................................................................................... 83
5.8.1.Transferring Solid Model Loads............................................................................................... 83
5.8.2. Displaying Load Symbols........................................................................................................ 84
5.8.3.Turning Off Large Symbols for Node and Keypoint Locations................................................... 84
5.8.4. Selecting a Format for the Graphical Display of Numbers........................................................ 84
5.8.5. Listing Solid Model Loads....................................................................................................... 84
5.9. Mass and Inertia Calculations.......................................................................................................... 85
5.10. Considerations and Cautions for Solid Modeling............................................................................ 86
5.10.1. Representation of Solid Model Entities.................................................................................. 86
5.10.2.When a Boolean Operation Fails............................................................................................ 86
5.10.2.1. Degeneracies .............................................................................................................. 86
5.10.3. Graphically Identifying Degeneracies.................................................................................... 87
5.10.4. Listing the Keypoints Associated with Degeneracies............................................................. 88
5.10.4.1. Discontinuities ............................................................................................................ 91
5.10.4.2. Other Causes of Boolean Failures................................................................................. 92
5.10.5. Some Suggested Corrective Actions..................................................................................... 92
5.10.6. Other Hints.......................................................................................................................... 94
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Modeling and Meshing Guide
5.10.6.1. Avoid Regions that Cross over Themselves................................................................... 94
5.10.6.2. Use ANSYS Parameters................................................................................................. 94
5.10.6.3. Consider Alternatives to Boolean Commands............................................................... 94
5.10.6.4.Work with Lower-Dimension Constructions.................................................................. 95
5.10.6.5. Create Complex Models in Pieces................................................................................. 95
5.10.6.6. Don't Forget to SAVE................................................................................................... 96
5.10.6.7.Tessellation Errors........................................................................................................ 96
6. Importing Solid Models from IGES Files............................................................................................... 97
6.1.Working With IGES Files................................................................................................................... 97
6.1.1. Using the SMOOTH Method.................................................................................................... 97
6.1.1.1. Importing IGES files using the SMOOTH Method............................................................ 97
6.1.1.2. Guidelines for Using the SMOOTH Method..................................................................... 97
6.1.1.2.1.While Building the Model in the CAD System......................................................... 98
6.1.1.2.2.While Writing the IGES File From the CAD Program................................................ 98
6.1.1.2.3.While Reading the IGES File into ANSYS:................................................................ 98
6.1.1.2.4.While Writing an IGES File from ANSYS:.................................................................. 99
7. Generating the Mesh........................................................................................................................... 101
7.1. Free or Mapped Mesh................................................................................................................... 101
7.2. Setting Element Attributes............................................................................................................ 102
7.2.1. Creating Tables of Element Attributes................................................................................... 102
7.2.2. Assigning Element Attributes Before Meshing....................................................................... 103
7.2.2.1. Assigning Attributes Directly to the Solid Model Entities............................................... 104
7.2.2.2. Assigning Default Attributes........................................................................................ 104
7.2.2.3. Automatic Selection of the Dimensionally Correct Element Type................................... 104
7.2.2.4. Defining a Variable Thickness at Nodes......................................................................... 105
7.3. Mesh Controls............................................................................................................................... 107
7.3.1.The MeshTool....................................................................................................................... 107
7.3.2. Element Shape..................................................................................................................... 108
7.3.2.1. A Note About Degenerate Element Shapes.................................................................. 108
7.3.2.2. Element Shape Specification........................................................................................ 109
7.3.2.2.1. Command Method.............................................................................................. 109
7.3.2.2.2. GUI Method (Via the MeshTool)........................................................................... 109
7.3.3. Choosing Free or Mapped Meshing...................................................................................... 110
7.3.4. Controlling Placement of Midside Nodes.............................................................................. 111
7.3.5. Smart Element Sizing for Free Meshing................................................................................. 111
7.3.5.1.The Advantages of SmartSizing.................................................................................... 112
7.3.5.2. SmartSizing Controls - Basic versus Advanced.............................................................. 112
7.3.5.2.1. Basic Controls..................................................................................................... 113
7.3.5.2.2. Advanced Controls.............................................................................................. 114
7.3.5.3. Interaction with Other Mesh Controls........................................................................... 115
7.3.6. Default Element Sizes for Mapped Meshing.......................................................................... 115
7.3.7. Local Mesh Controls............................................................................................................. 117
7.3.8. Interior Mesh Controls.......................................................................................................... 119
7.3.8.1. Controlling Mesh Expansion........................................................................................ 119
7.3.8.2. Controlling Mesh Transitioning.................................................................................... 120
7.3.8.3. Controlling Which Mesher the Program Uses................................................................ 121
7.3.8.3.1. Surface Meshing Options.................................................................................... 121
7.3.8.3.2.Tetrahedral Element Meshing Options................................................................. 124
7.3.8.4. Controlling Tetrahedral Element Improvement............................................................. 125
7.3.9. Creating Transitional Pyramid Elements................................................................................ 125
7.3.9.1. Situations in Which the Program Can Create Transitional Pyramids................................ 126
7.3.9.2. Prerequisites for Automatic Creation of Transitional Pyramid Elements.......................... 126
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7.3.10. Converting Degenerate Tetrahedral Elements to Their Nondegenerate Forms...................... 127
7.3.10.1. Benefits of Converting Degenerate Tetrahedral Elements............................................ 127
7.3.10.2. Performing a Conversion............................................................................................ 128
7.3.10.3. Other Characteristics of Degenerate Tetrahedral Element Conversions........................ 129
7.3.11. Doing Layer Meshing.......................................................................................................... 130
7.3.12. Setting Layer Meshing Controls via the GUI......................................................................... 130
7.3.13. Setting Layer Meshing Controls via Commands................................................................... 132
7.3.14. Listing Layer Mesh Specifications on Lines.......................................................................... 133
7.4. Controls Used for Free and Mapped Meshing................................................................................. 133
7.4.1. Free Meshing....................................................................................................................... 133
7.4.1.1. Fan Type Meshing and the TARGE170 Element.............................................................. 134
7.4.1.1.1. Conditions for Fan Type Meshing......................................................................... 134
7.4.2. Mapped Meshing ................................................................................................................ 135
7.4.2.1. Area Mapped Meshing................................................................................................. 135
7.4.2.1.1. Line Divisions for Mapped Meshing..................................................................... 136
7.4.2.1.2. Line Concatenation............................................................................................. 137
7.4.2.1.3. Simplified Area Mapped Meshing........................................................................ 138
7.4.2.1.4.Transition Mapped Quadrilateral Meshing........................................................... 139
7.4.2.1.5.Transition Mapped Triangle Meshing................................................................... 140
7.4.2.2.Volume Mapped Meshing............................................................................................ 141
7.4.2.2.1. Area Concatenation............................................................................................ 142
7.4.2.2.2.Transition Mapped Hexahedral Meshing.............................................................. 143
7.4.2.3. Some Notes about Concatenated Lines and Areas........................................................ 145
7.5. Meshing Your Solid Model............................................................................................................. 147
7.5.1. Generating the Mesh Using xMESH Commands..................................................................... 147
7.5.2. Generating a Beam Mesh With Orientation Nodes................................................................. 148
7.5.2.1. How the Program Determines the Location of Orientation Nodes................................. 148
7.5.2.2. Benefits of Beam Meshing With Orientation Nodes....................................................... 148
7.5.2.3. Generating a Beam Mesh With Orientation Nodes........................................................ 149
7.5.2.4. Examples of Beam Meshing With Orientation Nodes..................................................... 151
7.5.2.5. Other Considerations for Beam Meshing With Orientation Nodes.................................. 154
7.5.3. Generating a Volume Mesh From Facets................................................................................ 154
7.5.4. Additional Considerations for Using xMESH Commands........................................................ 155
7.5.5. Generating a Volume Mesh By Sweeping.............................................................................. 155
7.5.5.1. Benefits of Volume Sweeping....................................................................................... 155
7.5.5.2.What to Do Before You Sweep a Volume....................................................................... 156
7.5.5.3. Invoking the Volume Sweeper...................................................................................... 159
7.5.5.4. Strategies for Avoiding Shape Failures During Volume Sweeping.................................. 159
7.5.5.5. Other Characteristics of Volume Sweeping................................................................... 162
7.5.6. Generating an Interface Mesh for Gasket Simulations............................................................ 163
7.5.7. Aborting a Mesh Operation.................................................................................................. 164
7.5.8. Element Shape Checking...................................................................................................... 164
7.5.8.1.Turning Element Shape Checking Off Entirely or to Warning-Only Mode....................... 165
7.5.8.2.Turning Individual Shape Tests Off and On.................................................................... 166
7.5.8.3.Viewing a Summary of Shape Test Results.................................................................... 167
7.5.8.4.Viewing Current Shape Parameter Limits...................................................................... 167
7.5.8.5. Changing Shape Parameter Limits................................................................................ 168
7.5.8.5.1. Examples of Changing Shape Parameter Limits.................................................... 169
7.5.8.6. Retrieving Element Shape Parameter Data................................................................... 169
7.5.8.7. Understanding Circumstances Under Which the Program Retests Existing Elements...... 169
7.5.8.8. Deciding Whether Element Shapes Are Acceptable...................................................... 169
7.5.9. Mesh Validity Checking......................................................................................................... 170
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7.6. Changing the Mesh....................................................................................................................... 171
7.6.1. Remeshing the Model.......................................................................................................... 172
7.6.2. Using the Mesh Accept/Reject Prompt.................................................................................. 172
7.6.3. Clearing the Mesh................................................................................................................ 172
7.6.4. Refining the Mesh Locally..................................................................................................... 172
7.6.5. Improving the Mesh (Tetrahedral Element Meshes Only)....................................................... 173
7.6.5.1. Automatic Invocation of Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement.............................................. 173
7.6.5.2. User Invocation of Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement....................................................... 173
7.6.5.3. Restrictions on Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement............................................................ 174
7.6.5.4. Other Characteristics of Tetrahedral Mesh Improvement............................................... 175
7.7. Meshing Hints............................................................................................................................... 175
7.8. Using CPCYC and MSHCOPY Commands....................................................................................... 177
7.8.1. CPCYC Example.................................................................................................................... 177
7.8.2. CPCYC Results...................................................................................................................... 177
7.8.3. MSHCOPY Example.............................................................................................................. 178
7.8.4. Low Sector Boundary........................................................................................................... 179
7.8.5. Area Elements from MSHCOPY and AMESH........................................................................... 179
7.8.6. Meshing the Sector Volume(s).............................................................................................. 180
8. Revising Your Model............................................................................................................................ 183
8.1. Refining a Mesh Locally................................................................................................................. 183
8.1.1. How to Refine a Mesh........................................................................................................... 183
8.1.1.1. Advanced Controls...................................................................................................... 183
8.1.2. Refinement Commands and Menu Paths.............................................................................. 184
8.1.2.1. Specifying the Level of Refinement.............................................................................. 186
8.1.2.2. Specifying the Depth of Refinement............................................................................. 186
8.1.2.3. Specifying Postprocessing for the Refinement Region: Smoothing and Cleanup............ 186
8.1.2.4. Specifying Whether Quadrilateral Elements Should Be Retained................................... 188
8.1.3.Transfer of Attributes and Loads............................................................................................ 188
8.1.4. Other Characteristics of Mesh Refinement............................................................................ 189
8.1.5. Restrictions on Mesh Refinement.......................................................................................... 190
8.2. Moving and Copying Nodes and Elements..................................................................................... 191
8.3. Keeping Track of Element Faces and Orientations.......................................................................... 193
8.3.1. Controlling Area, Line, and Element Normals......................................................................... 194
8.3.1.1. Reorienting Shell Element Normals.............................................................................. 195
8.3.1.2. Reorienting Area Normals............................................................................................ 195
8.3.1.3. Reversing the Normals of Existing Shell Elements......................................................... 196
8.3.1.4. Reversing the Normal of a Line..................................................................................... 196
8.3.1.5. Reversing the Normal of an Area.................................................................................. 196
8.4. Revising a Meshed Model: Clearing and Deleting........................................................................... 197
8.4.1. Clearing a Mesh.................................................................................................................... 197
8.4.1.1. Modifying Element Attributes...................................................................................... 198
8.4.1.2.The Brute Force Method............................................................................................... 198
8.4.2. Deleting Solid Model Entities................................................................................................ 199
8.4.3. Modifying Solid Model Entities............................................................................................. 200
8.5. Understanding Solid Model Cross-Reference Checking.................................................................. 200
8.5.1. Circumventing Cross-Reference Checking (A Risky Activity)................................................... 201
9. Direct Generation................................................................................................................................ 203
9.1. Nodes........................................................................................................................................... 203
9.1.1. Reading and Writing Text Files That Contain Nodal Data........................................................ 206
9.2. Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 206
9.2.1. Prerequisites for Defining Element Attributes........................................................................ 206
9.2.2. Defining Elements................................................................................................................ 208
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9.2.3. Reading and Writing Text Files That Contain Element Data..................................................... 210
9.2.4. A Note About Overlapping Elements.................................................................................... 210
9.2.5. Modifying Elements By Changing Nodes............................................................................... 211
9.2.6. Modifying Elements By Changing Element Attributes............................................................ 211
9.2.7. A Note About Adding and Deleting Midside Nodes .............................................................. 211
10. Number Control and Element Reordering........................................................................................ 213
10.1. Number Control.......................................................................................................................... 213
10.1.1. Merging Coincident Items.................................................................................................. 213
10.1.2. Compressing Item Numbers............................................................................................... 216
10.1.3. Setting Starting Numbers................................................................................................... 217
10.1.4. Adding Number Offsets...................................................................................................... 217
10.2. Element Reordering.................................................................................................................... 218
11. Coupling and Constraint Equations.................................................................................................. 219
11.1.What Is Coupling?....................................................................................................................... 219
11.2. How to Create Coupled Degree of Freedom Sets.......................................................................... 219
11.2.1. Creating and Modifying Coupled Sets at Specified Nodes.................................................... 219
11.2.2. Coupling Coincident Nodes................................................................................................ 220
11.2.3. Generating More Coupled Sets........................................................................................... 220
11.2.4. Listing and Deleting Coupled Sets...................................................................................... 220
11.3. Additional Considerations for Coupling....................................................................................... 221
11.4.What Are Constraint Equations?................................................................................................... 221
11.5. How to Create Constraint Equations............................................................................................ 221
11.5.1.The Direct Method.............................................................................................................. 221
11.5.1.1. Periodic Conditions.................................................................................................... 222
11.5.2. Modifying Constraint Equations.......................................................................................... 223
11.5.3. Direct vs. Automatic Constraint Equation Generation........................................................... 224
11.5.3.1. Creating a Rigid Region.............................................................................................. 224
11.5.3.2.Tying Dissimilarly Meshed Regions Together............................................................... 224
11.5.3.2.1. Using the CEINTF Command.............................................................................. 224
11.5.3.2.2. Using Contact Elements.................................................................................... 225
11.5.3.3. Generating Sets of Constraint Equations from Existing Sets......................................... 225
11.5.4. Listing and Deleting Constraint Equations........................................................................... 225
11.5.5. Program Modification of Constraint Equations.................................................................... 225
11.5.6.Troubleshooting Problems with Constraint Equations.......................................................... 225
11.6. Additional Considerations for Constraint Equations..................................................................... 226
12. Combining and Archiving Models.................................................................................................... 227
12.1. Combining Models...................................................................................................................... 227
12.2. Archiving Models........................................................................................................................ 227
12.2.1. Log File (File.LOG).......................................................................................................... 228
12.2.1.1. Pros........................................................................................................................... 228
12.2.1.2. Cons.......................................................................................................................... 228
12.2.2. Database File (File.DB)................................................................................................... 228
12.2.2.1. Pros........................................................................................................................... 228
12.2.2.2. Cons.......................................................................................................................... 229
12.2.3. CDWRITE File(s).................................................................................................................. 229
12.2.3.1. Pros........................................................................................................................... 229
12.2.3.2. Cons.......................................................................................................................... 229
13. Interfaces With Other Programs....................................................................................................... 231
13.1. Interfacing With Computer Aided Design (CAD) Products............................................................. 231
13.2. Other Interfaces.......................................................................................................................... 231
Index........................................................................................................................................................ 233
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List of Figures
2.1. Area and Volume Types........................................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Comparable Grids................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3. Equivalent Nodal Allocations................................................................................................................... 8
2.4. Avoid Midside Nodes at Gaps and Nodal-based Contact Surfaces............................................................ 8
2.5. Avoid Midside-to-Corner Node Connections Between Elements............................................................... 9
2.6. Avoid Mismatched Midside Nodes at Element Interconnections............................................................. 10
2.7. Examples of Symmetry.......................................................................................................................... 12
2.8. An X-direction Offset Represents an Axisymmetric Hole......................................................................... 13
3.1. Global Coordinate Systems................................................................................................................... 16
3.2. Euler Rotation Angles............................................................................................................................ 17
3.3. Coordinate System Types...................................................................................................................... 18
3.4. Surfaces of Constant Value.................................................................................................................... 19
3.5. Meshed Surfaces of Constant Value....................................................................................................... 20
3.6. Singularity Points.................................................................................................................................. 21
3.7. Nodal Coordinate Systems.................................................................................................................... 22
4.1. Relationships Among Display Screen, Cursor,Working Plane, and Picked Point........................................ 25
4.2. Snap Increment.................................................................................................................................... 29
4.3. Polar Working Plane Grid....................................................................................................................... 30
4.4.Working Plane/Coordinate System Mismatch......................................................................................... 30
4.5. Matched Working Plane Coordinate System (CSYS,WP).......................................................................... 31
5.1. Bottom Up Construction....................................................................................................................... 33
5.2.Top Down Constructions (Primitives)..................................................................................................... 34
5.3. Create Complex Shapes With Boolean Operations................................................................................. 34
5.4. Dragging an Area to Create a Volume (VDRAG)..................................................................................... 35
5.5. Copying an Area................................................................................................................................... 35
5.6. Free and Mapped Meshes..................................................................................................................... 35
5.7. Copying a Meshed Area........................................................................................................................ 36
5.8. Revising a Meshed Solid Model............................................................................................................. 37
5.9. Basic Solid Model Entities...................................................................................................................... 37
5.10. Drag Operation Suggestions............................................................................................................... 43
5.11. Area Command Operations................................................................................................................. 46
5.12. Loops Bound an Area.......................................................................................................................... 48
5.13.Volume Command Operations............................................................................................................ 49
5.14. Extruding (and Scaling) Meshed Areas Into Meshed Volumes............................................................... 51
5.15. Arc Sectors of Circular Geometric Primitives......................................................................................... 54
5.16.Torus Primitive.................................................................................................................................... 56
5.17.Toroidal Sector.................................................................................................................................... 56
5.18. Boolean Keep Options........................................................................................................................ 57
5.19.LINL (Line Intersect Line)..................................................................................................................... 59
5.20.AINA (Area Intersect Area).................................................................................................................. 60
5.21.VINV (Volume Intersect Volume)......................................................................................................... 60
5.22.LINA (Line Intersect Area)................................................................................................................... 61
5.23.AINV (Area Intersect Volume).............................................................................................................. 61
5.24.LINV (Line Intersect Volume)............................................................................................................... 61
5.25.LINP (Line Intersect Pairwise).............................................................................................................. 62
5.26.AINP (Area Intersect Pairwise)............................................................................................................. 63
5.27.VINP (Volume Intersect Pairwise)........................................................................................................ 64
5.28.AADD (Add Areas).............................................................................................................................. 65
5.29.VADD (Add Volumes).......................................................................................................................... 65
5.30.LSBL (Line Subtract Line).................................................................................................................... 67
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Modeling and Meshing Guide
5.31.ASBA (Area Subtract Area).................................................................................................................. 68
5.32.VSBV (Volume Subtract Volume)......................................................................................................... 68
5.33.LSBA (Line Subtract Area)................................................................................................................... 68
5.34.LSBV (Line Subtract Volume)............................................................................................................... 69
5.35.ASBV (Area Subtract Volume).............................................................................................................. 69
5.36.ASBL (Area Subtract Line)................................................................................................................... 69
5.37.VSBA (Volume Subtract Area)............................................................................................................. 70
5.38.LSBL (Multiple Line Subtract a Line).................................................................................................... 70
5.39.ASBA (Multiple Area Subtract an Area)................................................................................................ 70
5.40.VSBV (Multiple Volume Subtract a Volume)......................................................................................... 71
5.41.LSBA (Multiple Line Subtract an Area)................................................................................................. 71
5.42.LSBV (Multiple Line Subtract a Volume)............................................................................................... 71
5.43.ASBV (Multiple Area Subtract a Volume).............................................................................................. 72
5.44.ASBL (Multiple Area Subtract a Line)................................................................................................... 72
5.45.VSBA (Single Volume Subtract Multiple Areas)..................................................................................... 72
5.46.LSBW (Line Subtract Working Plane)................................................................................................... 73
5.47.ASBW (Area Subtract Working Plane).................................................................................................. 74
5.48.VSBW (Volume Subtract Working Plane).............................................................................................. 74
5.49.LCSL (Line Classify Line)...................................................................................................................... 74
5.50.LOVLAP (Line Overlap Line)................................................................................................................ 75
5.51.AOVLAP (Area Overlap Area).............................................................................................................. 75
5.52.VOVLAP (Volume Overlap Volume)..................................................................................................... 76
5.53.LPTN (Line Partition)........................................................................................................................... 76
5.54.APTN (Area Partition).......................................................................................................................... 77
5.55.VPTN (Volume Partition)..................................................................................................................... 77
5.56.LGLUE (Line Glue Line)........................................................................................................................ 78
5.57.AGLUE (Area Glue Area)...................................................................................................................... 78
5.58.VGLUE (Volume Glue Volume)............................................................................................................. 78
5.59. Hollow Spherical Segment Created With One Command...................................................................... 79
5.60. Automatic Boolean Updating With AFILLT........................................................................................... 80
5.61. Copying an Area................................................................................................................................. 80
5.62. Scaling Entities ................................................................................................................................... 83
5.63. Cone Surface Maps to a Parametric Square.......................................................................................... 87
5.64. Plotting of Geometric Degeneracies.................................................................................................... 88
5.65. Examples of Degeneracies................................................................................................................... 89
5.66.Topologically Degenerate Loop........................................................................................................... 90
5.67. Examples of Topologically Degenerate Loops and Shells...................................................................... 90
5.68. Lines and Areas Containing Discontinuities......................................................................................... 91
5.69. Boolean Operation Involving Entities With Discontinuities................................................................... 92
5.70. Decompose a Single Operation into a Series of Operations.................................................................. 93
5.71. Change the Order of a Series of Operations......................................................................................... 94
5.72. Switching to Lower-Dimension............................................................................................................ 95
7.1. Free and Mapped Meshes................................................................................................................... 101
7.2. Element Attribute Tables..................................................................................................................... 103
7.3. Original Elements ............................................................................................................................... 106
7.4. Shell Elements with Thickness Shown.................................................................................................. 107
7.5. An Example of a Degenerate Element Shape....................................................................................... 108
7.6. Default Element Sizes.......................................................................................................................... 110
7.7.Varying SmartSize Levels for the Same Model...................................................................................... 114
7.8. Changing Default Element Sizes.......................................................................................................... 116
7.9. Previewing the Default Mesh............................................................................................................... 117
7.10. Previewing the Modified Mesh.......................................................................................................... 117
Release 14.5 - © SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
x of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.