Measuring and Modeling Persons and Situations PDF
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Measuring and Modeling Persons and Situations Measuring and Modeling Persons and Situations Edited by Dustin Wood | Stephen J. Read P.D. Harms | Andrew Slaughter AcademicPress 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangements withorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,can befoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical treatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers, includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-819200-9 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiLevy AcquisitionsEditor:JoslynChaiprasert-Paguio EditorialProjectManager:BarbaraMakinster ProductionProjectManager:KiruthikaGovindaraju CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Contents Contributors xvii 1. A role for information theory in personality modeling, assessment, and judgment DavidM.Condonand Rene(cid:1) Mo˜ttus BackgroundonShannon’sinformationtheory 2 Analogapplications 5 Digitalapplications 8 Invokinginformation-theoreticapproachesinpersonality assessment 17 Emphasizingtheneedsofresearchersovertestadministrators 17 Nextsteps 20 Towardsadigitalrepresentationoftheanalogexperience 23 References 24 2. What falls outside of the Big Five? Darkness, derailers, and beyond P.D.Harms andRyneA. Sherman Darkpersonality 34 DarkTriad 35 Hoganpersonalityderailers 38 Alternativemodelsofdarktraits 40 Mappingthepsychologicaldriversofdarktraits 42 Predictionofworkoutcomes 43 Positiveeffectsofdarktraits 44 Nonlinearrelationships 45 Moderatorsofdarkpersonality 46 Gender 46 Ageandtime 47 Cultureandcontext 48 Darkpersonalityassessmentissues 48 Self-awarenessandhonestreporting 48 Specificityofmeasures 49 Highlyabbreviatedmeasures 50 Five-factorbasedmodels 51 Emergingtrendsinassessment 52 v vi Contents Futuredirectionsandconcludingthoughts 54 References 57 3. Semantic and ontological structures of psychological attributes JanKetil ArnulfandKaiRune Larsen Introduction 69 Likeallotherpeople:Languageisastrongsituation 71 Digitaltextanalysis 75 Background 75 ApracticalguidetoconductingLSA 77 ComparingtextstoLikertscaledata 78 Thesemantictrapcalledthejingle-janglefallacy 80 Semanticoverlapinresearch:Howmostpeoplewillreact 81 Wheresemanticsfailed:Thecaseofpersonalitytesting 85 Likenootherpeople:IndividualdifferencesinSTSR 87 Likesomeotherpeople:Group-leveldifferencesidentifiedin STSR 90 Conclusion:Applicationsanddevelopmentsinsemantics 93 References 95 4. Ubiquitous computing for person-environment research: Opportunities, considerations, and future directions Sumer S.Vaid,SaeedAbdullah,Edison Thomaz,and GabriellaM. Harari Assessingbehaviors,persons,andenvironmentswithubicomp devices 104 Measuringandmodelingbehaviors 106 Measuringandmodelingpersons 118 Measuringandmodelingenvironments 123 Outlook 125 Practicalconsiderations 126 Ethicalconsiderations 131 Futuredirections 132 Conclusion 134 References 135 5. Modeling the mind: Assessment of if … then … profiles as a window to shared psychological processes and individual differences VivianZayas,Randy T.Lee,and YuichiShoda Introduction 145 Mentalinferenceindailylife:Ananecdotalillustration 147 Cognitive-AffectiveProcessingSystemtheory:Basicprinciples 148 Contents vii TheCAPSnetwork 148 Originalconceptualizationandmeasurementofif…then… profiles 151 Acontemporaryapproachtoconceptualizingif…then…profiles: TheHighly-RepeatedWithin-Person(HRWP)approach 153 TheHRWPapproach:Assessingfeaturespresentinasituation 154 AprimertotheHRWPapproach 157 Data-driven,“bottom-up”approach 159 Theory-driven,“top-down”approach 160 Howdoesstudyingif…then…profilesshedlightonthe personalitysystem? 160 IllustratingtheHRWP“top-down”approach:Reanalysisofa transferencestudy 162 Studyingtransference 163 TheHRWPapproachtostudyingtransference 165 ReanalysisofthetransferencestudyusingtheHRWP approach 166 Exploringunexplainedvariability:Identifyingsystematic variability 173 ImplicationsofusingtheHRWPapproach 177 Amoredirectapproachofassessingintraindividualpsychological processesbymeasuringintraindividualdynamics 178 Bolsteringcausalinferenceandassessingtheheterogeneity(vs homogeneity)ofeffects 179 Aunifiedframeworkforassessingsharedpsychologicalprocesses andindividualdifferences 180 Whatdoif…then…profilesrevealaboutaperson? 180 Whatisanif?Lookingforward 181 ApplicationsoftheHRWPapproach 182 Concludingremarks 183 Appendix 183 RCode 183 References 184 6. Psychological targeting in the age of Big Data Ruth E.Appel andSandra C.Matz Introduction 193 Psychologicaltargeting:Atwo-stageframework 194 Driversofpsychologicaltargeting:BigDataandMachine Learning 196 Newand“bigger”data 196 Newanalyticaltechniques 197 Thescienceofpsychologicaltargeting 199 Stage1:Psychologicalprofiling 199 Psychologically-informedinterventions 202 Researchopportunities 203 Researchchallenges 206 viii Contents Practicaladvice 208 Ethicalconsiderations 209 Ethicalopportunities 210 Ethicalchallenges 211 Suggestionsforaddressingtheethicalchallenges 214 Conclusion 216 References 217 7. Virtual environments for the representative assessment of personality: VE-RAP LynnCarol Miller, David C.Jeong,and JohnL.Christensen Whatisavirtualrepresentativedigitalenvironment: Relevance? 224 Commercialvirtualenvironmentsandpersonalitycorrelates 224 Whatarewetryingtoassessdynamicallyinvirtual environments? 225 Virtualenvironmentaffordancestoleverageforpersonality assessment 228 Virtualrepresentativeenvironmentsforcorrelationaland experimentalstudies 235 Generalizabilitytoeverydaylife 235 Challengesabound:Whyrepresentativevirtual environments? 236 Shiftinggranularityandtimescale:Challenges 236 Measuringthe“unit”(cid:1)situationdynamics 237 Virtualenvironmentsforrepresentativeassessments:How? 238 Overviewofformativeresearchneeded 238 Targetaudience 239 BehavioralandscriptoptionsforthePOI:Formativeresearch needed 240 Personalityconceptualization 240 Representativelocations 241 Affordances 242 Measuringgoal-affordancedynamics 242 Scripts,situational-GPRB,andbehavioraloptions 242 Interoceptivestatesandaffect 243 UltimateBOI 244 Discussion 245 Conclusionsandfuturedirections 245 References 246 8. Improving measurement of individual differences using social networks AndrewSlaughter andJanie Yu Introduction 253 Analyzingsocialstructure 254 Descriptivestatisticsforsocialstructure 255 Contents ix IntegratingmodelsforSNAandIRT 261 Itemresponsetheorymodelsforindividualdifferences 261 Measurementmodelsforindependentdyadsandegocentric networks 264 IRT-ERGM:Integratingmodelsforindividualmeasurementand networkstructure 268 Exampleanalysis 275 Discussion 279 References 281 9. Situational judgment tests: From low-fidelity simulations to alternative measures of personality and the person-situation interplay FilipLievens, Philipp Scha€pers,andChristophN. Herde Introduction 285 SJTs:Definitionandbriefhistory 287 Definition 287 Briefhistory 289 Thetraditionalview:SJTsaslow-fidelitysimulations 289 Underlyingtheoryandrationale 289 SJTdevelopment 290 Construct-relatedvalidityevidence 291 Criterion-relatedvalidityevidence 292 SJTsinthetrainingcontext 292 SJTsasalternativemeasuresofpersonality 293 Characteristicsanddevelopment 293 Underlyingtheory 295 Construct-relatedandcriterion-relatedvalidityevidence 296 SJTsandthepersonality-situationinterplay 298 Assessmentofsituationconstrual 298 Assessmentofwithin-personvariabilityacrosssituations 299 Assessmentofsituation-traitcontingencies 300 Assessmentofproactivetransactions 301 Assessmentofbehavioralresponses 302 Assessmentofnarrativesandgoals 302 Assessmentofpersonalitydisorders 303 Epilogue 303 References 304 10. Intra-individual variability in personality: A methodological review AlishaM. Ness,Kira O. Foley, andEricHeggestad Introduction 313 FoundationalissuesandapproachesunderlyingIIVP 314 KeycontemporarytheoreticalperspectivesonIIVP 318 Examiningthecurrentstateoftheliteratureandfuture recommendations 323
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