Measurement of Mobile Antenna Systems, Second Edition

205 Pages·04.83 MB·English

by  coll.

Measurement of Mobile Antenna Systems
Second Edition
For a complete listing of titles in the
Artech House Antennas and Propagation Series
turn to the back of this book.
Measurement of Mobile Antenna Systems
Second Edition
Hiroyuki Arai
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design by Igor Valdman/Vicki Kane
ISBN 13: 978-1-60807-541-6
© 2013 ARTECH HOUSE
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface 11
1 Propagation Measurements 15
1.1 Overview of Propagation Measurement 15
1.2 Field Profile Measurement 17
1.2.1 Site Selection 17
1.2.2 Attenuation Coefficient Measurement 18
1.2.3 Fading Structure 20
1.2.4 Cumulative Probability 22
1.2.5 Cross Polarization 23
1.2.6 Delay Profile and Delay Spread 24
1.3 Diversity Measurement 26
1.3.1 Diversity Scheme 27
1.3.2 Correlation Histogram and Coefficient 28
1.3.3 Diversity Gain 29
1.4 Definition of the Diversity Gain 30
1.5 Propagation Measurement System 30
1.5.1 Measurement Systems 30
1.5.2 Calibration 35
1.5.3 Antenna Switching Measurement System 36
1.5.4 Tips in Propagation Measurement 37
References 38
5
6 Measurement of Mobile Antenna Systems Contents 7
2 Antenna Measurements for Radio Handsets and
Mobile Terminals 39
2.1 Antenna Input Port Impedance Measurements 40
2.1.1 Reflection Coefficient 40
2.1.2 The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, S-Parameters, and
the Smith Chart 41
2.1.3 The S-Parameter Method 45
2.1.4 Balanced and Unbalanced Feeder Systems 47
2.1.5 Effect of Finite Size Ground Plane 51
2.2 Radiation Pattern Measurement 51
2.2.1 Definition of Far Field 53
2.2.2 Measurement System Setup 54
2.2.3 Far-Field Measurement 57
2.3 Radiation Efficiency Measurement 63
2.3.1 Definition of Radiation Efficiency 63
2.3.2 The Wheeler Cap Method 63
2.3.3 Pattern Integration Method 66
2.3.4 Relative Gain Measurement (Random Field
Measurement) 67
2.4 Diversity Characteristics Measurement Using
Radiation Pattern 68
2.4.1 Definition of Correlation Coefficient Using
Complex Pattern 68
2.4.2 Correlation Measurement by S-Parameters 71
2.4.3 Diversity Measurement Procedure 71
2.5 EMC Measurement 72
2.5.1 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Measurement 73
2.5.2 Reverberating Enclosure Measurement 75
2.5.3 Random Field Measurement 76
2.6 Product Testing 79
2.6.1 Electrical Testing at the Development Stage 79
2.6.2 Electrical Tests in the Mass Production Process 80
2.6.3 Mechanical Testing in the Development Phase 80
References 82
6 Measurement of Mobile Antenna Systems Contents 7
3 Handset Antennas and Influences due to the
Human Body 85
3.1 The Effects of Chassis on the Handset Antenna 85
3.1.1 Relationship Between Antenna Type and the Chassis Size 86
3.1.2 Relationship Between Average Antenna Gain and
Chassis Size 89
3.1.3 Current Flow Measurement on the Handset Chassis 91
3.2 The Phantom—An Electrical Equivalent Model
of the Human Body 93
3.2.1 Phantoms Used in Numerical Simulations 94
3.2.2 Calculation Methods for Phantom and Handset
Antenna Models 95
3.2.3 Phantoms for Use in Experimental Measurements 96
3.3 Antenna Measurements with Human Test Subjects
and Phantoms 101
3.3.1 Measurements of Antenna Characteristics in
the Presence of Human Body 102
3.3.2 Measurement Examples Using a Sphere-Shaped Wet
Phantom 104
3.3.3 Measurement Examples Using an Upper Body Model
Dry Phantom 110
3.3.4 Effect of User Hand 111
3.4 SAR Measurement Using a Phantom 114
3.4.1 Standard Value of the SAR 115
3.4.2 Definition of the SAR and the Measurement Method 118
3.4.3 The SAR Measurement Method 119
References 121
4 Base Station Antenna Siting and Measurement 125
4.1 Base Station Antenna Siting 125
4.1.1 Design of Macro Cell Siting Using the Okumura-Hata
Curve 126
4.1.2 Break Point of a Microcell 130
4.1.3 Propagation Loss Outside the Line-of-Sight 133
4.1.4 Propagation Loss Estimation by the Ray Tracing
Method 134
8 Measurement of Mobile Antenna Systems Contents 9
4.2 Design of Cellular Base Station Antennas 135
4.2.1 Antenna Array Structure and Feeding Circuit 135
4.2.2 Beam Tilting and Propagation Characteristics 138
4.2.3 Sector Antennas 142
4.2.4 Diversity Antennas 142
4.3 Base Station Antenna Measurements 144
4.3.1 Antenna Pattern Measurements in Open Sites 145
4.3.2 Near-Field Antenna Pattern Measurement 147
4.3.3 High-Power and Passive Intermodulation Tests 153
4.4 Product Inspection 157
4.4.1 Radiation Pattern 157
4.4.2 Antenna Input-Port Characteristics 158
4.4.3 Feed Circuit 159
4.4.4 Appearance and Weight 160
4.4.5 Reliability Examination 161
References 163
5 Indoor Measurement Simulators 165
5.1 Fading Simulator 166
5.1.1 Theory of Fading Simulators 166
5.1.2 Delay Spread Simulation 169
5.1.3 Measurement Using a Fading Simulator 169
5.2 Field Simulators 170
5.2.1 Theory of Field Simulators 171
5.2.2 Hardware Components for Field Simulators 175
5.2.3 Measurement Using a Field Simulator 178
5.3 MIMO Measurement Simulators 182
5.3.1 Theory of MIMO Measurement 183
5.3.2 Channel Capacity and BER Measurements 186
5.3.3 MIMO Spatial Fading Emulator 189
References 191
Appendix A: Conversion of dBµV to dBm 195
Appendix B: The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 197
References 198
8 Measurement of Mobile Antenna Systems Contents 9
About the Author 199
Index 201