Table Of Content

® MCAT Biochemistry Review 2023–2024 ONLINE + BOOK Edited by Alexander Stone Macnow, MD MCAT® is a registered trademark of the Association of American Medical Colleges, which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Editor-in-Chief, 2023–2024 Edition M. Dominic Eggert Contributing Editors, 2023–2024 Edition Christopher Durland; Charles Pierce, MD; Jason Selzer Prior Edition Editorial Staff: Brandon Deason, MD; Christopher Durland; M. Dominic Eggert; Tyler Fara; Elizabeth Flagge; Adam Grey; Jason Selzer; Lauren K. White MCAT® is a registered trademark of the Association of American Medical Colleges, which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. is publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering medical, legal, accounting, or other professional services. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. © 2022 by Kaplan North America, LLC Published by Kaplan North America, LLC dba Kaplan Publishing 1515 West Cypress Creek Road Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33309 All rights reserved. e text of this publication, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-5062-8291-6 eISBN: 978-1-5062-8292-3 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Kaplan Publishing print books are available at special quantity discounts to use for sales promotions, employee premiums, or educational purposes. For more information or to purchase books, please call the Simon & Schuster special sales department at 866-506-1949. Table of Contents The Kaplan MCAT Review Team Getting Started Checklist Preface About Scientific American About the MCAT How This Book Was Created Using This Book Studying for the MCAT CHAPTER 1: AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND PROTEINS High-Yield 1.1 Amino Acids Found in Proteins 1.2 Acid–Base Chemistry of Amino Acids High-Yield 1.3 Peptide Bond Formation and Hydrolysis High-Yield 1.4 Primary and Secondary Protein Structure High-Yield 1.5 Tertiary and Quaternary Protein Structure 1.6 Denaturation CHAPTER 2: ENZYMES High-Yield 2.1 Enzymes as Biological Catalysts High-Yield 2.2 Mechanisms of Enzyme Activity High-Yield 2.3 Enzyme Kinetics High-Yield 2.4 Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity High-Yield 2.5 Regulation of Enzyme Activity CHAPTER 3: NONENZYMATIC PROTEIN FUNCTION AND PROTEIN ANALYSIS 3.1 Cellular Functions 3.2 Biosignaling High-Yield 3.3 Protein Isolation 3.4 Protein Analysis CHAPTER 4: CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION High-Yield 4.1 Carbohydrate Classification 4.2 Cyclic Sugar Molecules 4.3 Monosaccharides 4.4 Complex Carbohydrates CHAPTER 5: LIPID STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 5.1 Structural Lipids 5.2 Signaling Lipids 5.3 Energy Storage CHAPTER 6: DNA AND BIOTECHNOLOGY High-Yield 6.1 DNA Structure 6.2 Eukaryotic Chromosome Organization 6.3 DNA Replication 6.4 DNA Repair High-Yield 6.5 Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology CHAPTER 7: RNA AND THE GENETIC CODE High-Yield 7.1 The Genetic Code High-Yield 7.2 Transcription High-Yield 7.3 Translation High-Yield 7.4 Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes High-Yield 7.5 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes CHAPTER 8: BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES 8.1 Fluid Mosaic Model High-Yield 8.2 Membrane Components High-Yield 8.3 Membrane Transport 8.4 Specialized Membranes CHAPTER 9: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM I: GLYCOLYSIS, GLYCOGEN, GLUCONEOGENESIS, AND THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY 9.1 Glucose Transport High-Yield 9.2 Glycolysis 9.3 Other Monosaccharides 9.4 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase 9.5 Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis 9.6 Gluconeogenesis 9.7 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway CHAPTER 10: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM II: AEROBIC RESPIRATION 10.1 Acetyl-CoA High-Yield 10.2 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle High-Yield 10.3 The Electron Transport Chain 10.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation CHAPTER 11: LIPID AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM 11.1 Lipid Digestion and Absorption 11.2 Lipid Mobilization 11.3 Lipid Transport 11.4 Cholesterol Metabolism 11.5 Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols 11.6 Ketone Bodies 11.7 Protein Catabolism CHAPTER 12: BIOENERGETICS AND REGULATION OF METABOLISM High-Yield 12.1 Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics High-Yield 12.2 The Role of ATP High-Yield 12.3 Biological Oxidation and Reduction 12.4 Metabolic States 12.5 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism 12.6 Tissue-Specific Metabolism 12.7 Integrative Metabolism GLOSSARY INDEX ART CREDITS The Kaplan MCAT Review Team Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Editor-in-Chief Tyra Hall-Pogar, PhD Samer T. Ismail Editor Kaplan MCAT Faculty Bela G. Starkman, PhD Kelly Kyker-Snowman, MS Editor Kaplan MCAT Faculty Joshua D. Brooks, PhD Christopher Lopez Kaplan MCAT Faculty Kaplan MCAT Faculty Alisha Maureen Crowley M. Dominic Eggert Kaplan MCAT Faculty Editor Faculty Reviewers and Editors: Elmar R. Aliyev; James Burns; Jonathan Cornfield; Brandon Deason, MD; Nikolai Dorofeev, MD; Benjamin Downer, MS; Colin Doyle; Christopher Durland; M. Dominic Eggert; Marilyn Engle; Eleni M. Eren; Raef Ali Fadel; Elizabeth Flagge; Adam Grey; Justine Harkness, PhD; Scott Huff; Ae-Ri Kim, PhD; Elizabeth A. Kudlaty; Ningfei Li; John P. Mahon; Matthew A. Meier; Nainika Nanda; Caroline Nkemdilim Opene; Kaitlyn E. Prenger; Uneeb Qureshi; Derek Rusnak, MA; Kristen L. Russell, ME; Michael Paul Tomani, MS; Lauren K. White; Nicholas M. White; Kerranna Williamson, MBA; Allison Ann Wilkes, MS; and Tony Yu anks to Eric Chiu; Tim Eich; Samantha Fallon; Tyler Fara; Owen Farcy; Dan Frey; Robin Garmise; Rita Garthaffner; Joanna Graham; Allison Harm; Beth Hoerg; Aaron Lemon-Strauss; Keith Lubeley; Diane McGarvey; Petros Minasi; Camellia Mukherjee; Denise Pangia; John Polstein; Deeangelee Pooran-Kublall, MD, MPH; Rochelle Rothstein, MD; Larry Rudman; Sylvia Tidwell Scheuring; Carly Schnur; Karin Tucker; Lee Weiss; and the countless others who made this project possible.