MATH REFRESHER FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS Third Edition JOHN R. FANCHI A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION MATH REFRESHER FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS MATH REFRESHER FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS Third Edition JOHN R. FANCHI A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright#2006byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptasper- mitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfee totheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/ permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsin preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcomplete- nessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityor fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or writtensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation. Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliable foranylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental, consequential,orotherdamages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint maynotbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsite atwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData. Fanchi,JohnR. Mathrefresherforscientistsandengineers/JohnR.Fanchi.—3rded. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-0-471-75715-3 ISBN-10:0-471-75715-2 1.Mathematics.I.Title QA37.2.F352006 5120.1—dc22 2005056262 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS PREFACE xi 1 ALGEBRA 1 1.1 AlgebraicAxioms / 1 1.2 AlgebraicOperations / 6 1.3 Exponents and Roots / 7 1.4 QuadraticEquations / 9 1.5 Logarithms / 10 1.6 Factorials / 12 1.7 Complex Numbers / 13 1.8 Polynomials andPartialFractions / 17 2 GEOMETRY, TRIGONOMETRY, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 21 2.1 Geometry / 21 2.2 Trigonometry / 26 2.3 Common Coordinate Systems / 32 2.4 Euler’s Equationand Hyperbolic Functions / 34 2.5 Series Representations / 37 3 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 41 3.1 Line / 41 vii
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