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K11352 Cover 11/8/11 3:21 PM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Biochemistry Jin MATERIALS Grote SCIENCE of M DNA A T The field of materials science and technology has E undergone revolutionary advances due to the R development of novel analytical tools, functional materials, and multidisciplinary approaches to I engineering. Additionally, theoretical predictions A combined with increasingly improved models and computational capabilities are making impressive L contributions to the progress of materials science S and technology. In particular, the materials science of DNA has emerged as a vital area of research S and is expected to immensely broaden the horizon of material science and nanotechnology in this C century. I Materials Science of DNA highlights the most E important subjects and perspectives in the field, N with the aim of stimulating the interdisciplinary community and bringing this intensively interesting, C emerging field of molecular-scale materials science to maturation. The editors have not only been E involved in the research of materials science of DNA for the past decade, but also lead the series o of International Biotronics Workshops supported by f the US Air Force Research Laboratory. D Biotechnology and DNA-based biopolymers are not only applicable for genomic sequencing and clinical diagnosis and treatment, but can also have a major impact on nonbiotech applications—such as N electronics and photonics— opening up a whole new field for bioengineering. New concepts and insights gained from DNA research are expected to prove genuinely useful in a variety of devices in A nano, micro, and macro dimensions in the future. Where silicon has been the building block of inorganic electronics and photonics, DNA holds promise to become the building block for organic electronics and photonics. K11352 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue an informa business New York, NY 10017 2 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK MAT E R I A L S SCIENCE o f D N A MAT E R I A L S SCIENCE o f D N A Edited by Jung-II Jin James Grote Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 2011929 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-2742-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface......................................................................................................................vii The Editors ................................................................................................................ix Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi Chapter 1 Materials Science of DNA: An Introduction........................................1 Jung-Il Jin Chapter 2 Nanostructures and Nanomaterials via DNA-Based Self-Assembly .....................................................................................13 Yuanqin Zheng and Zhaoxiang Deng Chapter 3 Intercalation of Organic Ligands as a Tool to Modify the Properties of DNA ..............................................................................49 Heiko Ihmels and Laura Thomas Chapter 4 DNA and Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: Preparation and Properties of Their Composites ..........................................................77 Thathan Premkumar and Kurt E. Geckeler Chapter 5 Electrical and Magnetic Properties of DNA ....................................121 Chang Hoon Lee, Young-Wan Kwon, and Jung-Il Jin Chapter 6 DNA Ionic Liquid .............................................................................163 Naomi Nishimura and Hiroyuki Ohno Chapter 7 DNA-Surfactant Thin-Film Processing and Characterization .........179 Emily M. Heckman, Carrie M. Bartsch, Perry P. Yaney, Guru Subramanyam, Fahima Ouchen, and James G. Grote Chapter 8 Applications of DNA to Photonics and Biomedicals .......................231 Naoya Ogata v vi Contents Chapter 9 DNA-Based Thin-Film Devices .......................................................255 Carrie M. Bartsch, Joshua A. Hagen, Emily M. Heckman, Fahima Ouchen, and James G. Grote Chapter 10 Nucleic Acids-Based Biosensors ......................................................291 Sara Tombelli, Ilaria Palchetti, and Marco Mascini Chapter 11 Materials Science of DNA—Conclusions and Perspectives ............311 James G. Grote Preface DNA has been at the center of bioscience and biotechnology for more than a half century since Watson and Crick described its double helical structure. While the biological roles of DNA were being explored vigorously, mainly by biologists, physi- cochemical properties and the materials applications of DNA have been investigated by chemists, physicists, and engineers, especially for the past 30 years or so. Self-assembly of DNAs, transport of charge carriers along the helical axis of DNA, and sensing applications of DNA science (i.e., the concept of base-pairing) are representative examples of recent development. Utilization of modified DNAs as new functional materials in photonics and photoelectronics devices is an exciting recent advance in the practical applications of DNAs. Converting water-soluble DNA by chemical modification to organic-soluble com- positions enables us to work with high quality film-formers, which is rapidly gaining a significant importance in the area of bioelectronics or biotronics. The materials science of DNA is an emerging research area of an inter- and multidisciplinary nature and is expected to broaden immensely the horizon of material science and technology in this century. In fact, the science hidden in DNA is teaching us so much as it is revealed that the end of materials science of DNA is not possible to see. It is no secret that much of the contemporary popular nanoscience and nanotechnology are being developed based on the structural characteristics of DNA. The topics covered in this book highlight the most important subjects and perspectives of the materials science of DNA written by the pioneers of related researches. It is our hope that this volume will serve as a stimulus for the interdisciplinary community to intensify their research endeavor to bring maturation to this intensively interesting, emerging field of molecular-scale materials science. We would like to thank all scientists whose contributions have made the publication of this book possible. Our special thanks go to Dr. Young-Wan Kwon for his meticulous proofreading of the final manuscripts. Finally, the editors have not only been involved in the research of materials science of DNA for the past decade, but also leading the series of International Biotronics Workshop supported by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). We, the editors, are very thankful to the U.S. AFRL for the continued support of our activi- ties and also to the enthusiastic participants in the workshops. These gatherings gen- erated the seeds for this book. Jung-Il Jin James G. Grote vii The Editors JUNG-IL JIN Professor Emeritus, Chemistry Department, Korea University, Jung-Il Jin is the immediate past president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC. He is the founding president of the Federation of the Asian Polymer Societies (FAPS). He obtained his PhD in 1969 from the City University of New York, where his advisor was Richard H. Wiley, and was a Visitor at the University of Massachusetts and Cambridge University. His research areas have been liquid crystalline and poly- conjugated polymers and the materials science of DNA. He has published about 400 original research articles and contributed many chapters to various monographs related to functional polymers. JAMES G. GROTE James G. Grote is a Principal Electronics Research Engineer with the Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, where he conducts research in polymer and biopolymer-based opto-electronics. He is also an adjunct professor at the University of Dayton and University of Cincinnati. Dr. Grote received his BS degree in Electrical Engineering for Ohio University and both his MS and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Dayton, with partial study at the University of California, San Diego. He was a visiting scholar at the Institut d’Optique, Universite de Paris, Sud in the summer of 1995 and a visiting scholar at the University of Southern California, the University of California in Los Angeles and the University of Washington in 2001. He received Doctor Honoris Causa from the Politehnica University of Bucharest in 2010. Dr. Grote is an Air Force Research Laboratory Fellow, a Fellow of the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE), a Fellow of the Optical Society of America (OSA), a Fellow of the European Optical Society (EOS) and a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). He has co-authored more than 130 journal and conference papers, including two book chapters, and has served as editor for more than 25 conference proceedings and journal publications. ix