Materials Science for Engineers, 5th Edition PDF
Preview Materials Science for Engineers, 5th Edition
Materials Science for Engineers 5th Edition PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Materials Science for Engineers 5th Edition (cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:1)Anderson K.D.Leaver P.Leevers R.D.Rawlings Text © J.C.Anderson, K.D.Leaver, 1969, 1974, 1985, 1990, 2003, R.D.Rawlings, J.M.Alexander, 1974, 1985, 1990, 2003, P.Leevers, 2003 Original illustrations © Nelson Thornes Ltd 1969, 1974, 1985, 1990, 2003 The right of J.C.Anderson, K.D.Leaver, R.D.Rawlings, J.M.Alexander and P.Leevers to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First edition published in 1969: by Chapman & Hall Second edition 1974 Third edition 1985 Fourth edition 1990 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Fifth edition published in 2003 by: Nelson Thornes Ltd Delta Place 27 Bath Road CHELTENHAM GL53 7TH United Kingdom A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-203-50262-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-58463-5 (Adobe ebook Reader Format) ISBN 0 7487 6365 1 (Print Edition) Page make-up by Aarontype Ltd, Easton, Bristol Contents Periodic table ii Preface xv Prefaces to earlier editions xv Self-assessment questions xix Part I: Physics, chemistry and structure 1 The basis of materials science 1 .1 Introduction 3 1 .2 Outline of the book 4 1 .3 Atoms as planetary systems 13 Self-assessment questions 18 Answers 18 2 The smallest building blocks: electrons, photons and their behaviour 2 .1 Introduction 19 2 .2 Fundamental properties of electrons and photons 20 2 .3 Particles or waves? 22 2 .4 Waves and particles—the evidence 23 2 .5 Finding the values of e/m and e for electrons 31 2 .6 Wave mechanics—matter, waves and probability 33 2 .7 Wave vectors, momentum and energy 35 2 .8 Potential energy for an electron 37 2 .9 Schrödinger’s wave equation 39 2 .10 Electron confined in a ‘box’: quantized energy and wavelength 40 Problems 43 Self-assessment questions 44 Answers 50 vi Contents 3The simplest atom: hydrogen 3 .1 Introduction 51 3 .2 Electron wave functions in the atom 51 3 .3 Spin of the electron 62 3 .4 Electron clouds in the hydrogen atom 64 3 .5 Energy levels and atomic spectra 64 P roblems 68 S elf-assessment questions 69 A nswers 72 4Atoms with many electrons: the periodic table 4 .1 Introduction—the nuclear atom 73 4 .2 Pauli’s exclusion principle 74 4 .3 Electron states in multi-electron atoms 74 4 .4 Notation for quantum states 76 4 .5 The periodic table 78 4 .6 Transition elements 79 4 .7 Group number and chemical combination 82 P roblems 84 S elf-assessment questions 84 A nswers 88 5Molecules and interatomic bonding 5 .1 Introduction—classification of bonding mechanisms 89 5 .2 Electron pairing in a diatomic molecule 89 5 .3 Bonding in solids 92 5 .4 Ionic solids 93 5 .5 Covalent solids 97 5 .6 Metallic solids 99 5 .7 Combinations of bonding mechanisms 101 5 .8 Conjugated bonding: delocalized electrons in molecular orbitals 103 5.9 Intermolecular bonding in molecular solids 105 5 .10 Bonding strengths measured by heat of vaporization 109 5 .11 Bonding strength and melting point 110 P roblems 112 S elf-assessment questions 112 Answers 116 Contents vii 6The internal structure of crystals 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Crystalline order, polycrystals and grain boundaries 117 6.3 Single crystals and unit cells 119 6.4 Interatomic distances and ionic radii 122 6.5 Close-packed structures of identical spheres 122 6.6 Ionic crystals 126 6.7 Covalent crystals 131 6.8 Crystals with mixed bonding 131 6.9 Polymorphism 132 6.10 Miller indices of atomic planes 133 6.11 Crystallographic directions and the zone law 135 6.12 Classification of crystal structures: Bravais lattices 136 6.13 Advanced topic: Crystal symmetry and quasicrystals 138 6.14 Molecular crystals 140 6.15 Crystallinity in polymers 144 6.16 Measurements on crystals and Bragg’s law 147 Problems 149 Self-assessment questions 150 Answers 155 7 Thermal properties: kinetic theory, phonons and phase changes 7.1 Introduction 156 7.2 ‘Hard sphere’ model of a crystal 160 7.3 The nature of thermal energy 160 7.4 Summary of the kinetic theory of monatomic gases 160 7.5 Energy distributions 162 7.6 Some other energy distributions 165 7.7 Thermal equilibrium 166 7.8 Kinetic theory of solids—interatomic forces 169 7.9 Thermal expansion and the kinetic theory 172 7.10 Lattice waves and phonons 173 7.11 Specific heats of solids 178 viii Contents 7 .12 Advanced topic: Specific heats of polyatomic gases 181 7 .13 Allotropic phase changes 181 7 .14 Latent heat and specific heat 184 7 .15 Melting 185 7 .16 Thermodynamics 185 7 .17 Multiphase solids 187 7 .18 Rate theory of phase changes 187 7 .19 Metastable phases 191 7 .20 Other applications of the rate theory 191 7 .21 Chemical reactions 192 7 .22 Diffusion 193 7 .23 Thermal conductivity in solids 196 P roblems 198 S elf-assessment questions 199 A nswers 207 8Crystal defects 8 .1 Introduction 208 8 .2 Point defects 209 8 .3 Vacancy-assisted diffusion of impurities and self-diffusion 214 8.4 Line defects 221 8 .5 Planar defects 242 P roblems 246 S elf-assessment questions 247 A nswers 253 Part II:Mechanical properties and applications 9Mechanical properties 9 .1 Introduction 256 9 .2 Elastic deformation 258 9 .3 Viscous deformation 271 9 .4 Anelastic and viscoelastic deformation 279 Contents ix 9.5 Plastic deformation 285 9.6 Fracture 292 9.7 Mechanical testing 306 Problems 332 Self-assessment questions 334 Answers 340 10Phase diagrams and microstructure of alloys 10.1 Introduction 342 10.2 Solid solutions and intermediate phases 343 10.3 Equilibrium phase diagrams 347 10.4 Free energy and equilibrium phase diagrams 360 10.5 Nucleation and growth 366 10.6 Martensitic transformation 369 10.7 Strengthening mechanisms 370 10.8 Some commercial alloy systems 380 10.9 Corrosion 402 10.10 Passivation in stainless steels 413 Problems 414 Self-assessment questions 415 Answers 423 11 Ceramics 11.1 Introduction 424 11.2 Structure of ceramics 424 11.3 Production of ceramics other than glass and cement 430 11.4 Production of glass 438 11.5 Mechanical properties of ceramics 441 11.6 Wear and erosion resistance 445 11.7 Thermal shock 447 11.8 A commercial ceramic system: the silica-alumina system 449 11.9 Two technical ceramics—zirconias and Sialons 451 11.10 Cement and concrete 456 P roblems 462 S elf-assessment questions 463 Answers 467
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