Materials characterization : modern methods and applications

328 Pages·2015·12.94 MB·English

by  Ranganathan, Narayanaswami

Materials
Characterization
© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Materials
Characterization
Modern Methods and Applications
edited by
editors
Narayanaswami Ranganathan
Preben Maegaard
Anna Krenz
Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press
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Version Date: 20151016
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© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
September2,2015 17:26 PSPBook-9inx6in 00–Ranganathan-prelims
Contents
Preface xiii
1 AdvancedNanomechanicalTestTechniques 1
BenD.Beake,AdrianJ.Harris,andTomaszW.Liskiewicz
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Nanoindentation 4
1.2.1 ContactMechanicsTheory 4
1.2.2 PracticalConsiderations 5
1.2.2.1 Referencematerialsforcalibration 5
1.2.2.2 Choiceofloadingramp 6
1.2.2.3 Instrumental(thermal)drift 7
1.2.2.4 Theinternationalstandardfor
depth-sensingindentation:ISO14577
parts1–4 7
1.2.2.5 Surfaceroughness 10
1.2.2.6 Determinationofframecompliance 10
1.2.2.7 Determinationoftheareafunction 12
1.2.2.8 Zero-pointcorrection 13
1.2.3 IndentationSizeEffects 14
1.2.4 ChoiceofIndenterGeometryandStress–Strain
Curves 16
1.2.5 PlasticityIndexandH/E 17
1.2.6 HardnessandElasticModulusofCoatings 18
1.2.7 UltrahardCoatings 19
1.2.8 DepthProfiling 20
1.2.9 MappingandPositioning 20
1.2.10FractureToughness 22
1.2.11MicropillarCompression,Microcantilever
Bending,andPush-OutTests 23
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vi Contents
1.2.11.1Micropillarcompression 24
1.2.11.2Microcantilevers 24
1.2.11.3Fiberpush-out 26
1.3 Nanotribology(NanoscratchandWear) 27
1.3.1 CriticalLoadSensitivitytoIntrinsicand
ExtrinsicFactors 28
1.3.2 Topography-ProgressiveLoad
Scratch-TopographyMultipassScratchTests 29
1.3.3 InfluenceofProbeRadiusandGeometry 30
1.3.4 ContactPressure 32
1.3.5 InfluenceofFilmStressandThickness 33
1.3.6 RepetitiveNanowear 35
1.3.7 SurfaceRoughness 36
1.3.8 Friction 37
1.4 Nanofretting 38
1.4.1 FrettingDamage 39
1.4.2 Small-ScaleFretting 42
1.4.3 Indentation,Scratch,andSmall-ScaleFretting
onSi 45
1.4.4 Small-ScaleFrettingofta-CFilmsonSi 47
1.4.5 Small-ScaleFrettingofBiomedicalMaterials 48
1.5 Nanoimpact 49
1.5.1 Single-ImpactTests 50
1.5.2 Repetitive-ImpactTests 51
1.6 EnvironmentalConsiderations(Hot,Cold,Fluid,
Humidity) 58
1.6.1 InfluenceofMoistureandElectrochemical
PotentialonNanoindentationBehavior 58
1.6.2 NanoscratchandNanoimpactTestinginLiquid 62
1.6.3 MeasuringHigh-TemperatureMechanical
PropertiesbyNanoindentation 63
1.6.3.1 Tribochemicalinteractionsbetween
indenterandsample 67
1.6.3.2 (Ti,Al)Ncoatingsforcuttingtools:
Roleofannealingat700◦C–900◦C 69
1.6.3.3 Fuelcellmaterials 72
1.6.4 Nonambient-TemperatureNanoscratchand
NanoimpactTesting 73
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Contents vii
1.6.4.1 High-temperaturenanoscratchand
frictiontesting 73
1.6.4.2 Subambient-temperature
nanoindentation,nanoscratch,and
nanoweartesting 76
1.6.4.3 High-temperaturenanoimpacttesting 77
1.7 SummaryandOutlook 77
2 SurfacePropertiesofPolymersandRubberMeasuredby
Nanoindentation 91
DariuszM.Bielin´ski
2.1 Introduction 91
2.2 Experiments 93
2.2.1 Instrumentation 93
2.2.2 Methodology 94
2.2.2.1 Nanoindentation 94
2.2.2.2 Creep 95
2.2.2.3 Bloomthickness 95
2.3 ResultsandDiscussion 96
2.3.1 SurfaceGradientofCrosslinksinRubber
Vulcanizates 96
2.3.2 SurfaceSegregationinPolymerBlends 99
2.3.3 PhysicalandChemicalModificationofthe
SurfaceLayerofPolymers 101
2.3.4 PhotopolymerizationofPolyesterResin 107
2.3.5 AgingofPolymerMaterials 108
2.3.6 SurfaceGradientofRubberVulcanizate
Crosslinks 110
2.4 SummaryandConclusions 112
3 CharacterizationofLight-CuredDentalComposites 117
JoannaKleczewska,DariuszM.Bielin´ski,
NarayanaswamiRanganathan,andJerzySokolowski
3.1 Introduction 117
3.1.1 ChemistryofDentalComposites(Yesterday
andToday) 118
3.1.1.1 Matrix 118
3.1.1.2 Fillers 122
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viii Contents
3.1.2 Photopolymerization:GradientofMorphology
andProperties 123
3.2 ConventionalMethodsofCharacterizationof
MechanicalPropertiesofDentalComposites 125
3.2.1 MicrohardnessTests 125
3.2.2 Three-PointBendingTest:TheOnlyTestof
MechanicalPropertiesIncludedinPN-ENISO
4049Standard 127
3.2.3 LimitationofConventionalTests 127
3.3 NovelApproachtoDentalCompositeCharacterization 129
3.3.1 PropertiesoftheSurfaceLayer:
NanoindentationTests 129
3.3.2 TribologicalExperiments 131
3.3.3 FractureToughnessofDentalFillings 134
3.3.4 PositronAnnihilationLifetimeSpectroscopy 137
3.4 Summary 143
4 PropertiesofaLead-FreeSolder 149
ZeMa,FlorentChalon,Rene´ Leroy,DenisBertheau,
andNaryanaswamiRanganathan
4.1 Introduction 149
4.1.1 GlobalPropertiesbyConventionalTests 150
4.1.2 LocalProperties 152
4.2 FatigueBehavior 155
4.2.1 GlobalFatigueBehavior:PredeformationEffect
onFatigue 157
4.2.2 AnalysisofHysteresisBehavior 157
4.2.3 FatigueLifeCurvesandFractography 166
4.3 LocalFatigueBehavior 168
4.4 SummaryandConclusions 171
5 DeterminationofPlasticZoneSizesattheCrackTip 175
TienDungDo,FlorentChalon,Rene´ Leroy,DamienJoly,
andNaryanaswamiRanganathan
5.1 Introduction 175
5.2 DefinitionoftheFatiguePlasticZoneattheCrackTip 176
5.3 CurrentTechniquesforEstimatingandMeasuringthe
FatiguePlasticZoneattheCrackTip 178
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Contents ix
5.3.1 MicrohardnessMeasurement 178
5.3.2 EtchingofthePlasticZone 179
5.3.3 OpticalInterferenceTechnique 179
5.3.4 FoilStrain-GaugeTechnique 180
5.3.5 RecrystallizationMethod 181
5.3.6 X-RayMicrobeamTechnique 181
5.3.7 ShearLipSizeMeasurements 182
5.3.8 Selected-AreaChannelingPatternTechnique 182
5.3.9 SlipLinesMethod 183
5.4 MeasuringthePlasticZoneSizeattheFatigueCrack
TipbyNanoindentationTechnique 183
5.4.1 IntroductiontotheNanoTestSystem 183
5.4.2 FatigueCrackGrowthTest 186
5.4.3 NanoTest 188
5.4.4 ExperimentalResultsandAnalysis 189
5.5 EstimationofStraininthePlasticZone 191
5.6 Conclusions 194
6 MultipleAspectsofPolychloroprene’sFatigueBehavior 199
J.L.Poisson,S.Meo,F.Lacroix,G.Berton,
andN.Ranganathan
6.1 Introduction 199
6.2 PolychloropreneFatigue-DamagingFeatures 202
6.3 PolychloropreneFatigueBehavior 208
6.3.1 UniaxialFatigue 208
6.3.2 MuliaxialFatigue 213
6.4 Conclusion 219
7 FatigueCrackGrowthRateMeasurement:AReview 225
PeterC.McKeighan
7.1 Introduction 226
7.2 PreliminaryDetails:DevelopingaTestingPlan 226
7.3 CrackLengthMeasurement 231
7.3.1 Compliance 232
7.3.2 DCPotentialDrop 234
7.3.3 OtherMethods 236
7.4 TestingStandards 238
7.5 FCGTestingMethods:da/dNversus(cid:2)K 239
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x Contents
7.5.1 Precracking 240
7.5.2 LoadControlduringFCGTesting 240
7.5.3 CrackGrowthRateDataAnalysis 242
7.5.4 FatigueCrackGrowthRateVariability 244
7.6 FCGTestingMethods:VariableLoadAmplitude 246
7.6.1 EssenceofaSpectrumCrackGrowthCoupon
Test 246
7.6.2 TestProgramDetail 247
7.7 OtherMiscellaneousIssues 250
7.7.1 TestinginanEnvironment 250
7.7.2 TestingwithResidualStresses 252
7.7.3 TestingwithWelds 254
8 MeasurementofWearandFrictionResistanceofBulkand
CoatedMaterials 259
CarolineRichard,GeethaManivasagam,andYanMingChen
8.1 Introduction 259
8.2 ElementsofTribologicalTesting 260
8.2.1 EconomicImportanceandTechnological
Particularities 260
8.2.2 ObjectivesandClassificationofTribological
Tests 261
8.2.3 StateoftheArtoftheTribometers 267
8.2.4 MethodsofPresentationofTribologicalResults 271
8.2.4.1 Temporaldependenceoftribological
data 272
8.2.4.2 Dependenceoftribologicaldata
comparedtoinputparameters 275
8.2.4.3 Wearmap 276
8.2.4.4 Transitiondiagram 277
8.3 SpecificTribologicalMeasurements:Exampleof
Biomaterials(withandwithoutSurfaceTreatments) 279
9 ElasticPropertiesCharacterizationbyMeansofDynamic
ResonantTechnique 289
PascalGadaud
9.1 Introduction 290
9.2 ElastictyofBulkMaterials 290
© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC