ebook img

Material Science PDF

657 Pages·2004·6.37 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Material Science

This page intentionally left blank Copyright © 2004, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected] ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2656-4 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com (cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:26)(cid:23) Material Science has become a very important subject as an interdisciplinary course in almost all univer- sities. Keeping this in view we have developed the subject matter for B.E. (Material Science and Metal- lurgy/Production Engineering/Mechanical Engineering), A.M.I.E., Diploma in engineering, M.Sc. (Material Science/Physics/Chemistry) and B.Sc. (Hons.) courses as per their latest syllabii. The book is also useful for UPSC, GATE, NET, SLET and other entrance examinations. A reasonably wide coverage in sufficient depth has been attempted, giving the importance to the basic principles, essential theory and experimental details necessary for understanding the nature, properties and applications of materials. All efforts have been made to provide topics which are of great use to the readers, e.g. semiconductors, superconductors, polymers, composites, nanostructured materials, etc. Latest develop- ments, e.g. quantum dots, spinotrics, MOSFET, Microelectronic circuits, MEMS, nanotechnology, etc. are also covered. To make the text more useful, good number of worked out problems, review questions, problems, short- question answers, typical objective questions, suggested readings are provided with each chapter. We are thankful to M/s New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, for their untiring efforts in bringing out the book with excellent printing and nice get up within the shortest possible time period. Suggestions for the improvement of the book are most welcome. Bhilwara S.L. Kakani February 2004 Amit Kakani This page intentionally left blank (cid:27)(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:23)(cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:31) Preface v 1. Classification and Selection of Materials 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Engineering Requirements 2 3. Classification of Engineering Materials 5 4. Organic, Inorganic and Biological Materials 7 5. Semiconductors 9 6. Biomaterials 10 7. (a) Current Trends and Advances in Materials 10 7. (b) Advanced Materials 10 7. (c) Smart Materials (Materials of the future) 11 7. (d) Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology 12 7. (e) Quantum Dots (QDs) 12 7. (f) Spintronics 12 7. (g) Fermionic Condensate Matter 13 8. Level of Material Structure Examination and Observation 13 9. Material Structure 13 10. Engineering Metallurgy 14 11. Selection of Materials 14 Suggested Readings 17 Review Questions 17 Problems 18 Short Question-Answers 18 Objective Questions 19 2. Atomic Structure, and Electronic Configuration 20 1. Introduction 20 2. The Electron 20 3. Protons 21 4. Neutrons 21 5. Atomic Number (Z) 22 6. Atomic Weight and Mass Number 22 7. Isotopes 23 8. Isobars 23 9. Isotones 23 10. Avogadro’s Number (N) 24 viii Contents 11. Atomic Nucleus 24 12. Atomic Models 24 13. Vector Atom Model 43 14. Quantum Numbers 44 15. Pauli Exclusion Principle and Electronic Configuration of Atoms 47 16. Wave Mechanical Picture of the Atom 54 17. Periodic Table 56 Suggested Readings 59 Review Questions 59 Problems 60 Short Questions 61 Objective Questions 61 Short Question-Answers 63 3. Crystal Geometry, Structure and Defects 64 1. Introduction 64 2. Crystals 65 3. Single Crystal 65 4. Whiskers 65 5. Lattice Points and Space Lattice 66 5. (a) Basis 66 6. Unit Cell 67 7. Primitive Cell 67 8. Crystal Classes 68 9. Crystal Systems 69 10. Crystal Structure for Metallic Elements 75 11. Atomic Radius 78 12. Density of Crystal 79 13. Directions, Lattice Planes and Miller Indices 80 14. Interplanar Spacings 83 14. (a) Angle Between Two Planes or Directions 84 15. Representation of Crystal Planes in a Cubic Unit Cell 84 16. Sketching the Plane from the given Miller Indices 86 17. Common Planes in a Simple Cubic Structure 86 18. Co-ordination Number 87 19. Defects or Imperfections in Crystals 95 20. Point Imperfections 96 21. Line Defects or Dislocations 98 22. Surface and Grain Boundary Defects 101 23. Volume Imperfections 104 24. Liquid Crystals 104 25. Anisotropy 105 26. Frank-Read Source 106 27. Theory of Dislocations: Salient Features 107 28. Determination of Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffraction 110 29. Bragg’s X-ray Spectrometer 112 30. Reciprocal Lattice 115 31. Methods of Determining Crystal Structure 118 32. Electron and Neutron Diffraction 121 Contents ix 33. Crystal Growth 122 Suggested Readings 123 Review Questions 123 Problems 124 Objective Questions 125 Short Questions Answers 127 4. Bonds in Solids 129 1. Introduction 129 2. Types of Bonds 129 3. Forces Between Atoms: Mechanism of Bond Formation and Bond Energy 131 4. Ionic Bonding 134 5. Covalent Bond 140 6. Metallic Bond 142 7. Comparison of Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Bonds 144 8. Secondary Bonds 145 9. Mixed Bonds (More About Secondary Bonds) 147 10. Properties of Solid Materials 148 11. Periodic Table and Chemical Bonding: Electronegativity 150 Suggested Readings 151 Review Questions 151 Problems 152 Objective Questions 153 Short Question Answers 154 5. Electron Theory of Metals 155 1. Introduction 155 2. Metallic Bonding 155 3. Drude-Lorentz Theory 156 4. Sommerfield Free-Electron Theory 156 5. Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function (Electron Energies in a Metal) 159 6. Band Theory of Solids 160 7. Brillouin Zones 162 8. Distinction between Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors 163 9. Electrical Resistance of Materials 164 10. Energy Bands 165 11. Equation of Motion of an Electron 166 12. Resistivity and Conductivity 167 13. Current Density in Metal 167 14. Mobility 168 15. Mean Free Path 171 16. Thermoelectricity 173 17. Origin of the Thermoelectric Effect 174 18. Magnitude and Direction of Thermo E.M.F. 174 19. Uses of Thermocouples 175 Suggested Readings 175 Review Questions 176 Problems 176 Objective Questions 176 Short Question Answers 177

Description:
Covers various relevant topics in BE (Mechanical/Metallurgy/Material Science/Production Engineering), MSc (Material Science), BSc (Honours), MSc (Physics), MSc (Chemistry), AMIE and Diploma students. This work is suitable for students appearing for GATE, UPSC, NET, SLET and other entrance examinatio
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.