Material Science

657 Pages·2004·6.37 MB·English

by  S.L. Kakani and Amit Kakani

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Copyright © 2004, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
All rights reserved.
No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm,
xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval
system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher.
All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected]
ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2656-4
PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS
4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002
Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com
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Material Science has become a very important subject as an interdisciplinary course in almost all univer-
sities. Keeping this in view we have developed the subject matter for B.E. (Material Science and Metal-
lurgy/Production Engineering/Mechanical Engineering), A.M.I.E., Diploma in engineering, M.Sc. (Material
Science/Physics/Chemistry) and B.Sc. (Hons.) courses as per their latest syllabii. The book is also useful
for UPSC, GATE, NET, SLET and other entrance examinations.
A reasonably wide coverage in sufficient depth has been attempted, giving the importance to the basic
principles, essential theory and experimental details necessary for understanding the nature, properties and
applications of materials. All efforts have been made to provide topics which are of great use to the readers,
e.g. semiconductors, superconductors, polymers, composites, nanostructured materials, etc. Latest develop-
ments, e.g. quantum dots, spinotrics, MOSFET, Microelectronic circuits, MEMS, nanotechnology, etc. are
also covered.
To make the text more useful, good number of worked out problems, review questions, problems, short-
question answers, typical objective questions, suggested readings are provided with each chapter.
We are thankful to M/s New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, for their untiring efforts in
bringing out the book with excellent printing and nice get up within the shortest possible time period.
Suggestions for the improvement of the book are most welcome.
Bhilwara S.L. Kakani
February 2004 Amit Kakani
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Preface v
1. Classification and Selection of Materials 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Engineering Requirements 2
3. Classification of Engineering Materials 5
4. Organic, Inorganic and Biological Materials 7
5. Semiconductors 9
6. Biomaterials 10
7. (a) Current Trends and Advances in Materials 10
7. (b) Advanced Materials 10
7. (c) Smart Materials (Materials of the future) 11
7. (d) Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology 12
7. (e) Quantum Dots (QDs) 12
7. (f) Spintronics 12
7. (g) Fermionic Condensate Matter 13
8. Level of Material Structure Examination and Observation 13
9. Material Structure 13
10. Engineering Metallurgy 14
11. Selection of Materials 14
Suggested Readings 17
Review Questions 17
Problems 18
Short Question-Answers 18
Objective Questions 19
2. Atomic Structure, and Electronic Configuration 20
1. Introduction 20
2. The Electron 20
3. Protons 21
4. Neutrons 21
5. Atomic Number (Z) 22
6. Atomic Weight and Mass Number 22
7. Isotopes 23
8. Isobars 23
9. Isotones 23
10. Avogadro’s Number (N) 24
viii Contents
11. Atomic Nucleus 24
12. Atomic Models 24
13. Vector Atom Model 43
14. Quantum Numbers 44
15. Pauli Exclusion Principle and Electronic Configuration of Atoms 47
16. Wave Mechanical Picture of the Atom 54
17. Periodic Table 56
Suggested Readings 59
Review Questions 59
Problems 60
Short Questions 61
Objective Questions 61
Short Question-Answers 63
3. Crystal Geometry, Structure and Defects 64
1. Introduction 64
2. Crystals 65
3. Single Crystal 65
4. Whiskers 65
5. Lattice Points and Space Lattice 66
5. (a) Basis 66
6. Unit Cell 67
7. Primitive Cell 67
8. Crystal Classes 68
9. Crystal Systems 69
10. Crystal Structure for Metallic Elements 75
11. Atomic Radius 78
12. Density of Crystal 79
13. Directions, Lattice Planes and Miller Indices 80
14. Interplanar Spacings 83
14. (a) Angle Between Two Planes or Directions 84
15. Representation of Crystal Planes in a Cubic Unit Cell 84
16. Sketching the Plane from the given Miller Indices 86
17. Common Planes in a Simple Cubic Structure 86
18. Co-ordination Number 87
19. Defects or Imperfections in Crystals 95
20. Point Imperfections 96
21. Line Defects or Dislocations 98
22. Surface and Grain Boundary Defects 101
23. Volume Imperfections 104
24. Liquid Crystals 104
25. Anisotropy 105
26. Frank-Read Source 106
27. Theory of Dislocations: Salient Features 107
28. Determination of Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffraction 110
29. Bragg’s X-ray Spectrometer 112
30. Reciprocal Lattice 115
31. Methods of Determining Crystal Structure 118
32. Electron and Neutron Diffraction 121
Contents ix
33. Crystal Growth 122
Suggested Readings 123
Review Questions 123
Problems 124
Objective Questions 125
Short Questions Answers 127
4. Bonds in Solids 129
1. Introduction 129
2. Types of Bonds 129
3. Forces Between Atoms: Mechanism of Bond Formation and Bond Energy 131
4. Ionic Bonding 134
5. Covalent Bond 140
6. Metallic Bond 142
7. Comparison of Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Bonds 144
8. Secondary Bonds 145
9. Mixed Bonds (More About Secondary Bonds) 147
10. Properties of Solid Materials 148
11. Periodic Table and Chemical Bonding: Electronegativity 150
Suggested Readings 151
Review Questions 151
Problems 152
Objective Questions 153
Short Question Answers 154
5. Electron Theory of Metals 155
1. Introduction 155
2. Metallic Bonding 155
3. Drude-Lorentz Theory 156
4. Sommerfield Free-Electron Theory 156
5. Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function (Electron Energies in a Metal) 159
6. Band Theory of Solids 160
7. Brillouin Zones 162
8. Distinction between Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors 163
9. Electrical Resistance of Materials 164
10. Energy Bands 165
11. Equation of Motion of an Electron 166
12. Resistivity and Conductivity 167
13. Current Density in Metal 167
14. Mobility 168
15. Mean Free Path 171
16. Thermoelectricity 173
17. Origin of the Thermoelectric Effect 174
18. Magnitude and Direction of Thermo E.M.F. 174
19. Uses of Thermocouples 175
Suggested Readings 175
Review Questions 176
Problems 176
Objective Questions 176
Short Question Answers 177