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A Z TO OF M ATHEMATICIANS NOTABLE SCIENTISTS A Z TO OF M ATHEMATICIANS T M E , Ph.D. UCKER C LROY A TO Z OF MATHEMATICIANS Notable Scientists Copyright © 2005 by Tucker McElroy, Ph.D. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McElroy, Tucker. A to Z of mathematicians / Tucker McElroy. p. cm.—(Notable scientists) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5338-3 (acid-free paper) 1. Mathematicians—Biography. I. Title. II. Series. QA28.M395 2005 510'.92'2—dc22 2004005460 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M. Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Chronology by Sholto Ainslie Printed in the United States of America VB TECHBOOKS10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. C ONTENTS List of Entries vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Entries A to Z 1 Entries by Field 260 Entries by Country of Birth 262 Entries by Country of Major Scientific Activity 264 Entries by Year of Birth 266 Chronology 269 Bibliography 273 Index 291 L E IST OF NTRIES Abel, Niels Henrik Cauchy, Augustin-Louis Gauss, Carl Friedrich Adelard of Bath Cavalieri, Bonaventura Germain, Sophie Agnesi, Maria Gaetana Chebyshev, Pafnuty Lvovich Gibbs, Josiah Willard Alembert, Jean d’ Ch’in Chiu-Shao Gödel, Kurt Friedrich Apollonius of Perga Chu Shih-Chieh Goldbach, Christian Archimedes of Syracuse Dedekind, Richard Gosset, William Aristarchus of Samos Democritus of Abdera Grassmann, Hermann Aryabhata I De Morgan, Augustus Günter Babbage, Charles Desargues, Girard Green, George Bacon, Roger Descartes, René Gregory, James Baire, René-Louis Diophantus of Alexandria Hamilton, Sir William Rowan Banach, Stefan Dirichlet, Gustav Peter Hardy, Godfrey Harold Barrow, Isaac Lejeune al-Haytham, Abu Ali Bayes, Thomas Eratosthenes of Cyrene Heaviside, Oliver Bernoulli, Daniel Euclid of Alexandria Hermite, Charles Bernoulli, Jakob Eudoxus of Cnidus Hilbert, David Bernoulli, Johann Euler, Leonhard Hipparchus of Rhodes Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Fatou, Pierre-Joseph-Louis Hippocrates of Chios Betti, Enrico Fermat, Pierre de Hopf, Heinz Bhaskara II Ferrari, Ludovico Huygens, Christiaan Birkhoff, George David Ferro, Scipione del Ibrahim ibn Sinan Bolyai, János Fibonacci, Leonardo Jacobi, Carl Bolzano, Bernhard Fisher, Sir Ronald Aylmer Jordan, Camille Boole, George Fourier, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph al-Karaji, Abu Borel, Émile Fréchet, René-Maurice al-Khwarizmi, Abu Brahmagupta Fredholm, Ivar Klein, Felix Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Kovalevskaya, Sonya Cantor, Georg Gottlob Kronecker, Leopold Cardano, Girolamo Fubini, Guido Kummer, Ernst Carnot, Lazare Galilei, Galileo Lagrange, Joseph-Louis Cartan, Élie Galois, Evariste Laplace, Pierre-Simon vii viii A to Z of Mathematicians Lebesgue, Henri-Léon Navier, Claude-Louis-Marie- Riesz, Frigyes Legendre, Adrien-Marie Henri Russell, Bertrand Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Newton, Sir Isaac Seki Takakazu Kowa von Noether, Emmy Steiner, Jakob Leonardo da Vinci Oresme, Nicole Stevin, Simon Lévy, Paul-Pierre Pappus of Alexandria Stokes, George Gabriel Li Chih Pascal, Blaise Tartaglia, Niccolò Lie, Sophus Peano, Giuseppe Thales of Miletus Liouville, Joseph Pearson, Egon Sharpe Tsu Ch’ung-Chih Lipschitz, Rudolf Peirce, Charles Venn, John Lobachevsky, Nikolai Poincaré, Jules-Henri Viète, François Lovelace, Augusta Ada Byron Poisson, Siméon-Denis Volterra, Vito Maclaurin, Colin Pólya, George Wallis, John Madhava of Sangamagramma Poncelet, Jean-Victor Weierstrass, Karl Markov, Andrei Ptolemy, Claudius Weyl, Hermann Menelaus of Alexandria Pythagoras of Samos Wiener, Norbert Minkowski, Hermann Ramanujan, Srinivasa Aiyangar Yang Hui Möbius, August Regiomontanus, Johann Yativrsabha Moivre, Abraham de Müller Yule, George Udny Monge, Gaspard Rheticus, Georg Zeno of Elea Napier, John Riemann, Bernhard Zermelo, Ernst A CKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank God, who gives me strength and hope for advice on photographs. Finally, my thanks go each day. I am grateful to my wife, Autumn, to Frank K. Darmstadt, Executive Editor, for his who encouraged me to complete this book. great patience and helpfulness, as well as the rest Thanks also go to Jim Dennison for title trans- of the Facts On File staff for their work in mak- lations, as well as Diane Kit Moser and Lisa Yount ing this book possible. ix
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