Mastering Modern European History

527 Pages·1997·87.97 MB·english

by  Stuart Miller (auth.)

Mastering
Modern European
History
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Mastering
o
Modern European
History
Second edition
Stuart Miller
palgrave
* co StuartT.Miller1988,1997
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Contents
List ofillustrations xv
List ofmaps xvii
List offigures xviii
Prefacetothesecondedition XIX
Acknowledgements XXI
Note on names and distances XXIII
Prologue:eighteenth-centuryEurope xxv
Introduction xxv
TheAncien Regime xxv
'Prosperitybycompulsion' xxvi
Economicchanges xxvii
Enlighteneddespotism XXVIII
Conclusion: 'Theworld upside down' XXIX
1 TheFrenchRevolution 1
1.1 Thecausesofthe French Revolution 1
1.2 The revolt ofthe nobility (February1787-May1789) 2
1.3 The revolution ofthe lawyers (5May-27June 1789) 4
1.4 The revolt ofthe masses(14July-S October1789) 6
1.5 Constitutionalmonarchy (October1789-September1792) 7
1.6 Theoverthrowofthe monarchy(September1792) 9
1.7 The popularrevolution:democraticphase (September1792-June 1793) 10
1.8 The popularrevolution:dictatorship(June 1793-July1794) 11
1.9 The republicof the Thermidorians (July 1794-November1799) 13
1.10 Thecoup deBrumaire(1799) 14
1.11 Theconsequences 14
1.12 Conclusion 15
QUESTIONS 15
2 TheNapoleonic era1799-1815 19
2.1 The'manofdestiny' 19
2.2 Napoleon's rise to power 20
2.3 Thecivilfoundations ofthe Empire 21
2.4 The renewalofwar (1803-7) 23
2.5 The Grand Empire 24
CONTENTS v
2.6 TheContinentalSystem 24
2.7 The organisationofthe GrandEmpire 26
2.8 The fallofNapoleon 28
2.9 Thefinalstage 31
2.10 The 'HundredDays' 31
2.11 Conclusion 32
Q UESTIONS 32
3 TheconcertofEurope1815-30 37
3.1 Thelegacyofthe FrenchRevolution 37
3.2 'AgreatEuropean' 38
3.3 TheViennaSettlement 39
3.4 AssessmentoftheViennaSettlement 41
3.5 Metternich'ssystem 42
3.6 The Congresssystem 42
3.7 The ConcertofEurope 43
3.8 'Backto awholesomestate' 44
3.9 Conclusion 47
Q UESTIONS 47
4 Theageofrevolutions1815-48 50
4.1 Theoriesofrevolution 50
4.2 Romanticism 51
4.3 Nationalism 51
4.4 Liberalism 52
4.5 Socialism 53
4.6 Communications 54
4.7 'This greatanddangerousplot' 54
4.8 Social theories 54
4.9 The peasantry 55
4.10 The 'labouringand dangerousclasses' 55
4.11 The middle classes 57
4.12 Weaknessat the top 57
4.13 Theaccelerator 58
4.14 Conclusion 59
Q UESTIONS 59
5 RestorationFrance1815-48 63
5.1 The restorationofthe BourbonMonarchy 63
5.2 Thefailure ofconciliation(1815-24) 64
5.3 Thereign ofCharlesX 65
5.4 TheJuly Monarchy 67
5.5 Theearlyproblemsofthe regime 68
5.6 'France isbored' 69
5.7 Growingopposition 70
5.8 Conclusion 70
Q UESTIONS 71
vi CONTENTS
6 Italy1796-1848 73
6.1 A 'geographicalexpression' 73
6.2 The Napoleonicoccupation 74
6.3 Theera oftheSecretSocieties(1814-32) 75
6.4 Routesto unification (1832-48) 77
6.5 Mazziniand the Italian Republic 77
6.6 Liberal reformism 78
6.7 Giobertiand neo-Guelphism 79
6.8 Charles Albertand Piedmont 80
6.9 Conclusion 80
Q UESTIONS 80
7 Germany1801-48 84
7.1 'The Germanies' in1800 84
7.2 The impactoftheFrenchRevolution andNapoleon 85
7.3 The NapoleonicSettlement ofGermany 86
7.4 ThePrussian revival 86
7.5 Germannationalism 87
7.6 The German Confederation 88
7.7 The Vormar: (1815-48) 89
7.8 Economicdevelopment 90
7.9 Conclusion 92
Q UESTIONS 93
8 The HabsburgMonarchy1809-48 96
8.1 The HabsburgMonarchy 96
8.2 The pillarsofthe HabsburgMonarchy 96
8.3 Threats tothe dynasty 97
8.4 Metternichand the problemsoftheHabsburgMonarchy (1815-48) 98
8.5 Thegrowthofopposition 101
8.6 LowerAustria 101
8.7 Bohemia 101
8.8 TheSouthSlavs 102
8.9 Hungary 102
8.10 Conclusion 103
Q UESTIONS 104
9 The revolutions of1848 105
I 'TheSpringtimeofthe Peoples' 105
9.1 Italy(January-March1848) 105
9.2 France (February-April1848) 106
9.3 Germany(March-April1848) 107
9.4 The HabsburgMonarchy(March-May 1848) 108
II 'A troublesomesummer' 112
9.5 Italy(March-July1848) 112
9.6 France (April-June 1848) 113
9.7 Germany(April-June 1848) 113
9.8 The HabsburgMonarchy(May-October1848) 115
III 'Adisastrouswinter' 116
9.9 Italy(July1848-August1849) 116
CONTENTS vii
9.10 France (June 1848-December1851) 118
9.11 Germany(October1848-September1849) 118
9.12 TheHabsburgMonarchy (October 1848-August1849) 119
9.13 Conclusion 120
QUESTIONS 121
10 ImperialRussia1801-81 123
10.1 Russiainthe earlynineteenthcentury 123
10.2 'The enigmaticTsar' (1801-25) 124
10.3 TheDecembristrevolt (1825) 125
10.4 NicholasIand reaction (1825-55) 126
10.5 Thedevelopment ofopposition (1836-54) 127
10.6 'The EpochofGreat Reforms' 127
10.7 Thegrowthofopposition (1861-81) 130
10.8 Conclusion 131
QUESTIONS 132
11 The Eastern Question1804-56 133
11.1 Thenature ofthe EasternQuestion 133
11.2 Themain episodes(1821-56) 135
11.3 The Greek War ofIndependence (1821-32) 135
11.4 ThefirstMehemet Alicrisis(1832-3) 136
11.5 ThesecondMehemetAlicrisis(1839-40) 137
11.6 The CrimeanWar 138
11.7 Conclusion 141
QUESTIONS 142
12 The SecondFrenchEmpire 1852-70 143
12.1 The newregime 143
12.2 Thecharacter ofNapoleon III 144
12.3 'L'Empire,c'estLaPaix' 146
12.4 The CrimeanWar andthe CongressofParis 147
12.5 Thefoundationsofthe Liberal Empire 147
12.6 Liberal reforms(1860-1) 148
12.7 Imperialand foreignpolicy(1859-66) 149
12.8 The LiberalEmpire 150
12.9 TheFranco-PrussianWar and the downfallofNapoleon III 150
12.10Conclusion 152
QUESTIONS 152
13 The UnificationofItaly1856--71 153
13.1 Theeffectsofthe revolutionsof1848 153
13.2 Theobstaclesto unification 154
13.3 Thetransformation ofPiedmont 154
13.4 CavourandtheunificationofItaly 156
13.5 TheprocessofItalian unification (1859-61) 157
13.6 'Asingle,indivisibleItaly' 162
13.7 Thecompletionofunification 164
viii CONTENTS
13.8 Conclusion 164
Q UESTIONS 165
14 The UnificationofGermany1862-71 167
14.1 The rise ofBismarck 167
14.2 Diplomaticevents(1863) 168
14.3 The Danish War (1864) 169
14.4 The Austro-Prussian War (1866) 169
14.5 The triumph ofBismarck 170
14.6 The background to theFranco-Prussian War 172
14.7 The Franco-PrussianWar (1870-1) 173
14.8 Theconsequencesof the Franco-PrussianWar 176
14.9 The processofunification 178
14.10 Varietiesof unification 178
14.11 Conclusion 181
Q UESTIONS 181
15 TheNew Imperialism 185
15.1 Thecourseof the New Imperialism 185
15.2 The 'Scramble for Africa' 185
15.3 East andSouth-East Asia 186
15.4 The causesofthe New Imperialism 187
15.5 Economictheories 188
15.6 Anextensionof Europeandiplomacy 189
15.7 The peripheralexplanationof Imperialism 191
15.8 Enablingfactors 192
15.9 Conclusion 196
Q UESTIONS 196
16 BismarckandInternationalRelations 1871-90 200
16.1 The objectives of Bismarck'sforeign policy 200
16.2 The Dreikaiserbund 201
16.3 The Bulgarian crisis(1875-8) 201
16.4 Bismarck'salliance system (1879-82) 204
16.5 The declineof the Bismarckian system (1882-90) 205
16.6 The 'droppingof the pilot' 207
16.7 Conclusion 207
Q UESTIONS 207
17 The Kingdomofltaly1870-1915 210
17.1 'LaRevolutionmanquee' 210
17.2 The problemsfacingItaly 211
17.3 The 'parliamentarydictatorships' (1876-96) 212
17.4 Depretisand the politicalsystem (1876-87) 213
17.5 Crispi and radical nationalism (1887-96) 214
17.6 The threat to the parliamentarysystem (1896-1900) 215
17.7 'Giolittisme'(1903-14) 216
17.8 Conclusion 217
Q UESTIONS 218
CONTENTS ix