Mastering Azure Analytics Architecting in the Cloud with Azure Data Lake, HDInsight, and Spark

85 Pages·2016·3.95 MB·English

by  Zoiner Tejada

FIRST EDITION
Mastering Azure Analytics
Architecting in the cloud with Azure Data Lake,
HDInsight, and Spark
Zoiner Tejada
Boston
Mastering Azure Analytics
by Zoiner Tejada
Copyright © 2016 Zoiner Tejada. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Enterprise Analytics Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The Analytics Data Pipeline 5
Data Lakes 6
Lambda Architecture 7
Kappa Architecture 9
Choosing between Lambda and Kappa 10
The Azure Analytics Pipeline 10
Introducing the Analytics Scenarios 12
Sample code and sample datasets 14
What you will need 14
Broadband Internet Connectivity 14
Azure Subscription 15
Visual Studio 2015 with Update 1 15
Azure SDK 2.8 or later 18
Chapter Summary 20
2. Getting Data into Azure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Ingest Loading Layer 21
Bulk Data Loading 21
Disk Shipping 22
End User Tools 38
Network Oriented Approaches 55
Stream Loading 80
Stream Loading with Event Hubs 80
Chapter Summary 82
iii

CHAPTER 1
Enterprise Analytics Fundamentals
In this chapter we’ll review the fundamentals of enterprise analytic architectures. We
will introduce the analytics data pipeline, a fundamental process that takes data from
its source thru all the steps until it is available to analytics clients. Then we will intro‐
duce the concept of a data lake, as well as two different pipeline architec‐
tures: Lambda architectures and Kappa architectures. The particular steps in the
typical data processing pipeline (as well as considerations around the handling of
“hot” and “cold” data) are detailed and serve as a framework for the rest of the book.
We conclude the chapter by introducing our case study scenarios, along with their
respective data sets that provide a more real-world experience to performing big data
analytics on Azure.
The Analytics Data Pipeline
Data does not end up nicely formatted for analytics on its own, it takes a series of
steps that involve collecting the data from the source, massaging the data to get it into
the forms appropriate to the analytics desired (sometimes referred to as data wran‐
gling or data munging) and ultimately pushing the prepared results to the location
from which they can be consumed. This series of steps can be thought of as a pipe‐
line.
The analytics data pipeline forms a basis for understanding any analytics solution,
and as such is very useful to our purposes in this book as we seek to understand how
to accomplish analytics using Microsoft Azure. We define the analytics data pipeline
as consisting of five major components that are useful in comprehending and design‐
ing any analytics solution. The major components include:
Source: The location from which new raw data is either pulled or which pushes new
raw data into the pipeline
5
Ingest: The computation that handles receiving the raw data from the source so that
it can be processed
Processing: The computation controlling how the data gets prepared and processed
for delivery
Storage: The various locations where the ingested, intermediate and final calculations
are stored, whose storage can be transient (the data lives in memory or only for a
finite period of time) or persistent (the data is stored for the long term)
Delivery: How the data is presented to the ultimate consumer, which can run the
gamut from dedicated analytics client solutions used by analysts to API’s that enable
the results to integrate into a larger solution or be consumed by other processes
Figure 1-1. The data analytics pipeline is a conceptual framework that is helpful in
understanding where various data technologies apply.
Data Lakes
The term data lake is becoming the latest buzzword, similar to how Big Data grew in
popularity and at the same time its definition got more unclear as vendors attached
the definition that suited their products best. Let us begin by defining the concept.
A data lake consists of two parts: storage and processing. Data lake storage requires
an infinitely scalable, fault tolerant, storage repository designed to handle massive
volumes of data with varying shapes, sizes and ingest velocities. Data lake processing
requires a processing engine that can successfully operate on the data at this scale.
The term data lake was originally coined by James Dixon, the CTO of Pentaho,
wherein he used the term in contrast with the traditional, highly schematized data
mart:
“If you think of a datamart as a store of bottled water - cleansed and packaged and
structured for easy consumption - the data lake is a large body of water in a more natu‐
ral state. The contents of the lake stream in from a source to fill the lake, and various
users of the lake can come to examine, dive in, or take samples.”
James Dixon, CTO Pentaho
With this definition, the goal is to create a repository that intentionally leaves the data
in its raw or least-processed form with the goal of enabling questions to be asked of it
6 | Chapter 1: Enterprise Analytics Fundamentals
in the future, that would otherwise not be answerable if the data were packaged into a
particular structure or otherwise aggregated.
That definition of data lake should serve as the core, but as you will see in reading
this book the simple definition belies the true extent of a data lake that in reality
extends to include not just a single processing engine, but multiple processing
engines and because it represents the enterprise wide, centralized repository of source
and processed data (after all, a data lake champions a “store-all” approach to data
management), it has other requirements such as metadata management, discovery
and governance.
One final important note, the data lake concept as it is used today is intended for
batch processing, where high latency (time until results ready) is appropriate. That
said, support for lower latency processing is a natural area of evolution for data lakes
so this definition may evolve with the technology landscape.
With this broad definition of data lake, let us look at two different architectures that
can be used to act on the data managed by a data lake: Lambda Architecture and
Kappa Architecture.
Lambda Architecture
Lambda Architecture was originally proposed by the creator of Apache Storm,
Nathan Marz. In his book, “Big Data: Principles and best practices of scalable real‐
time data systems”, he proposed a pipeline architecture that aims to reduce the com‐
plexity seen in real-time analytics pipelines by constraining any incremental
computation to only a small portion of this architecture.
In Lambda Architecture, there are two paths for data to flow in the pipeline:
1. A “hot” path where latency sensitive data (e.g., the results need to be ready in sec‐
onds or less) flows for rapid consumption by analytics clients.
2. A “cold” path where all data goes and is processed in batches that can tolerate
greater latencies (e.g., the results can take minutes or even hours) until results are
ready.
Lambda Architecture | 7
Figure 1-2. The Lambda Architecture captures all data entering the pipeline into immut‐
able storage, labeled Master Data in the diagram. This data is processed by the Batch
layer and output to a Serving Layer in the form of Batch Views. Latency sensitive calcu‐
lations are applied on the input data by the Speed Layer and exposed as Real-time
Views. Analytics clients can consume the data from either the Speed Layer Views or the
Serving Layer Views depending on the timeframe of the data required. In some imple‐
mentations, the Serving Layer can host both the Real-time Views and the Batch Views.
When data flows into the “cold” path, this data is immutable. Any changes to the
value of particular datum are reflected by a new, time-stamped datum being stored in
the system alongside any previous values. This approach enables the system to re-
compute the then-current value of a particular datum for any point in time across the
history of the data collected. Because the “cold” path can tolerate greater latency to
results ready, this means the computation can afford to run across large data sets, and
the types of calculation performed can be time-intensive. The objective of the “cold”
path can be summarized as: take the time that you need, but make the results
extremely accurate.
When data flows into the “hot” path, this data is mutable and can be updated in place.
In addition, the “hot” path places a latency constraint on the data (as the results are
typically desired in near-realtime). The impact of this latency constraint is that the
types of calculations that can be performed are limited to those that can happen
quickly enough. This might mean switching from an algorithm that provides perfect
accuracy, to one that provides an approximation. An example of this involves count‐
ing the number of distinct items in a data set (e.g., the number of visitors to your
website)- you can count either by counting each individual datum (which can be very
high latency if the volume is high) or you can approximate the count using algo‐
rithms like HyperLogLog. The objective of the “hot” path can be summarized as:
trade-off some amount of accuracy in the results, in order to ensure that the data is
ready as quickly as possible.
8 | Chapter 1: Enterprise Analytics Fundamentals