Master of Science in Agriculture Master of Science in Agriculture

101 Pages·2016·3 MB·English

GENETIC VARIABILITY AND DIVERGENCE ANALYSIS IN
EARLY GENERATION SUGARCANE (Saccharum species
complex) CLONES BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL

CHARACTERIZATION

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SUBMITTED TO THE

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology
Pantnagar-263 145 (U.S. Nagar), Uttarakhand, INDIA

By

Anil Kumar Bairwa
B.Sc. (Agriculture)

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF

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(Genetics and Plant Breeding)

JUNE, 2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed a great pleasure for me to work with a person who is very helpful and
has a visionary thinking. I take this auspicious opportunity and privilege to express my
regards and deep sense of gratitude to Dr. S. P. Singh, Professor, Department of Genetics
& Plant Breeding and Chairman of my Advisory Committee for his inspiring guidance,
constant encouragement, cooperation, and affection during the course of investigation and
preparation of this manuscript.
I express my deepest gratitude and veneration to the esteemed members of my
Advisory Committee, Dr. Kamendra Singh, Professor, Department of Genetics & Plant
Breeding, Dr. A. S. Jeena, Professor, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, for their
constructive and valuable suggestions and guidance during the whole course of this
investigation and preparation of this manuscript.
A debt of gratitude is owed to Dean, College of Agriculture; Dean, College of Post
Graduate Studies; Registrar; Head, Genetics & Plant Breeding and University librarian
for providing me the essential facilities to conduct the proposed investigations
I am thankful to Dr. K. A. Khan, Senior Scientific Officer (Sugarcane Breeding)
for their help and co-operation.
I extent my sincere and warmest thanks to all teaching and non teaching staff
members of Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding and for their cooperation and help
during the course of investigation.
I am highly grateful to my Parents, brother (Rakesh) and sister (Renu), family for
their abundant love, affection, moral support, everlasting inspiration and painstaking
efforts in completion of this degree. I cannot forget co-operation received from my respected
seniors Deepankar sir, Arvind sir, Rakesh sir, Deepak sir, Devender sir, Jairam sir,
Ranjana mam for completion of this investigation.
Words will never reach to its fullness to express my sincere appreciation for my
friends Sneha, Shiv Shankar, Himanshu, Deepak, DEVENDRA, Akshay, Ankit,
Rajeshwar, Gouri Shankar, Abdul, Neetu, Anjana, Sonali, Kunduru, Subhash and Neha
for their love, affection, inspiration and help during two years of the degree programme.
It is indeed a pleasure to acknowledge the love, affection, inspiration,
encouragement, selfless help and cheerful company by my batch mates and loving juniors.
I thank all those whose name could not find a separate place but have helped me
directly or indirectly in the present investigation.

Pantnagar (Anil Kumar Bairwa)
Author
June, 2016
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “GENETIC VARIABILITY
AND DIVERGENCE ANALYSIS IN EARLY GENERATION
SUGARCANE (Saccharum species complex) CLONES BASED ON
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION” submitted in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Agriculture with major in Genetics and Plant Breeding of the
College of Post-Graduate Studies, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar, is a record of bona fide research carried out by
Mr. Anil Kumar Bairwa, Id. No. 48082, under my supervision, and no part of
the thesis has been submitted for any degree or diploma.
The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation
and source of literature have been duly acknowledged.

Pantnagar (S.P Singh)
June, 2016 Chairman
Advisory Committee
We, the undersigned, members of the Advisory committee of
Mr. Anil Kumar Bairwa, Id. No. 48082, a candidate for the degree of
Master of Science in Agriculture, with major in Genetics and Plant
Breeding agree that the thesis entitled “GENETIC VARIABILITY AND
DIVERGENCE ANALYSIS IN EARLY GENERATION SUGARCANE
(Saccharum species complex) CLONES BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERIZATION” may be submitted in partial fulfilment of
requirement for the degree.

(S.P. Singh)
Chairman
Advisory Committee

(A S. Jeena) ( Kamendra Singh )
Member Member
CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

S. No. CHAPTERS PAGE No.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDICES
VITA
ABSTRACT
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1

Sugarcane is a perennial, tropical monocotyledonous crop which is cultivated
in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world primarily for its ability to store
high concentrations of sugar in the inter-nodes of the stem and propagated through
stem cuttings. Sugarcane cultivation spans a wide region located between 350N to
350S of the equator. The agro-climatic conditions under which sugarcane is grown,
affect the duration and the productivity of the crop. The tropical climates permit
longer periods of crop growth which result in higher cane yields, but not necessarily
the highest sugar content in the cane. The climatic conditions of the production
environment determine the kind of genetic material which would adapt to such
conditions. The varietal requirements and breeding objectives differ according to the
agro-climatic region. Sugarcane is an important cash crop of world as well as India.
Sugar industry being the second largest agro-based processing industry after textile,
contributes 2.0% of the gross domestic product in India. Sugarcane is grown under
diverse conditions in india, nearly comparable to those in the rest of the world . The
area under sugarcane in india is divided into five agro-climatic zones,each of which
has a separate breeding programme.
The genus Saccharum, established by Linnaeus in 1793, belongs to family
Poacae, subfamily Panicoideae, tribe Andropogoneae, subtribe Saccharineae and
genus Saccharum. There are five species of this genus.Three among these are
cultivated species namely S. officinarum originated in New Guinea / Indo-Burma-
China border whos centre of diversity is New Guinea. S. barberi originated from
North India which is the centre of diversity for this species. S. sinense originated from
China and have chiana as centre of diversity. The two wild species are S. spontaneum
originated from colder region of subtropical India and widely distributed and S.
robustum originated from New Guinea and having centre of diversity in New Guinea.
Among the five species of the genus Saccharum, S. officinarum (x=10,
2n=8x=80) is best represented by the two commercial hybrid varieties Co-205 and
Co-285 which replaced the indigenous cultivated varieties of northern India. It
represents cultivated sugarcane and is characterized by high sugar content, thick stalk,
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Introduction ………..
low fiber and low disease resistance. Most of the varieties in the world are breed of
these two species of genus Saccharum. To minimize the negative effects of
S. spontaneum and to retain the high sucrose producing ability of S. officinarum
during crosses, a series of backcrosses were made between the interspecific hybrids
and the S. officinarum parents. This led to the “nobilization” of Saccharum spp.
hybrids. This was a major break through in sugarcane varietal improvement programs
in the terms of improved sugar productivity, high disease resistance and high
ratooning ability. Although nobilization was highly successful due to limits of the
gene pool exploited during traditional breeding programs, very limited progress has
been achieved in increasing sugar content. The success of sugarcane breeding
program therefore lies in the proper choice of rich and genetically diverse parents.
The search of genetically diverse parents can be based on geographical origin,
agronomic traits, and pedigree data or molecular markers data.
The world sugar production during 2013-14 is 182.89million tonnes whereas
sugar consumption during the period was 182.42 million tonnes, resulting in surplus
of 0.47 million tones. The leading sugar producers in the globe are Brazil (39.63
million tonnes), India (26.00 million tonnes) and China (14.60 million tonnes) (sugar
Indian, 2015). India, ranks 2nd in sugarcane area and production after Brazil, is
contributing 14-15% world white sugar production. In 2014-15 India's white sugar
production has reached 26.50 million tonnes. Sugar consumption rate is the highest in
India. The sub-tropical region of India, despite covering 57.55% of sugarcane area in
the country but contributes only 49.52% of sugarcane production. Sugarcane is grown
in 5.017 million hectare with total production of 348.38 Million tones and
productivity of 69.44 tones/ha (Sugar Indian, 2015) in india.
Sugarcane is grown widely in sub tropical and tropical areas of India. The
important subtropical states of sugarcane cultivation are Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, Assam and West Bengal. The subtropical states
has occupied about 57.55% area with average productivity of 60.27 t/ha which is
lower than the national average of about 69.44 t/ha and average sugar recovery of
sugar mills is about 9.5%. Tropical states have occupied about 42.45% area with
average productivity of 83.31 t/ha and average sugar recovery is about 10.3% (Sugar
Indian, 2015).
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Introduction ………..
The amount of variability present in breeding material plays an important role
in the progress of improvement of crop plants through selection. Further, its
expression is likely to be influenced by the environmental conditions. So, the
information available at one location may not necessarily be applicable to another.
Therefore, the knowledge of variability is desirable for a breeder before making any
selection program. All the breeding methods and strategies for crop improvement are
fundamentally based on the availability of genetic variability in the populations. The
hybrids involving the parents with more diversity among them are expected to exhibit
higher amount of heterotic expression and broad spectrum of variability in
segregating generations. Genetic variability and heritability are useful parameters that
can help the breeder during different stages of crop improvement. The success of
breeding program will depend largely on the extent of genetic variability and
heritability for important economic traits in early generation populations. Since the
estimate of heritability alone gives no indication of the amount of progress expected
from selection, the heritability estimate along with genetic advance is needed in
predicting resultant effect from selecting the best individuals (Johnson et al., 1955).
Genetic diversity gives species the ability to adapt to changing environments,
including new pests and diseases and new climatic conditions. Plant genetic
resources, that component of genetic diversity is of actual or potential use to
humanity, provides the raw material for breeding new varieties of crops. These, in
turn, provide a basis for more productive and resilient production systems that are
better able to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Knowledge about genetic diversity
is a prerequisite of any breeding programme. Inclusion of diverse parents in
hybridization programmes serves the purpose of combining desirable genes in new
recombinations. There are several method of studying genetic diversity which
includes morphometric, biochemical etc.
Genetic diversity that arises due to geographical separation or due to genetic
barriers to cross ability or due to different patterns of evolution and measured by
Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the basis of Euclidean distance
between the genotypes. It has become one of the important techniques to assess
genetic divergence on the basis of multiple traits. With the help of this technique, one
can easily predict genotypes which have high index scores and fell into different
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Introduction ………..
clusters can be crossed to have maximum variability of good combinations of
characters. Divergence analysis is being a powerful tool in quantifying the degree of
divergence at genotypic level based on phenotypic observations in different clones.
The objective of this study was to establish genetic diversity within a collection of
selected sugarcane clones with important contrasting features under sub-tropical
conditions, identified in breeding programs in north- western India, a region that
includes extensive cold areas with few agronomic activities to identify contrasting
parental candidates for future breeding program.
Keeping the above in view the present investigation will be conducted with the
following objectives:
1. To estimate the extent of variability for different morphological and juice
quality characters among early generation sugarcane clones
2. To estimate the extent of heritability and genetic Advance for different
morphological and juice quality characters
3. To assess the genetic divergence among early generation Sugarcane clones.

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Introduction ………..