Mass transfer with chemical reaction in multiphase systems (NATO ASI series) Volume II: Three-Phase Systems

410 Pages·1983·29.01 MB·English

by  Erdogan Alper

Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction in
Mu ltiphase Systems
Volume 11: Three-Phase Systems
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science
Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological
knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with
NATO Scientific Affairs Diyision
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company
Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston
D Behavioural and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Social Sciences BostonlThe Hague/DordrechtlLancaster
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Springer Verlag
Systems Sciences Berlin/Heidelberg/New York
G Ecological Sciences
Series E: Applied Sciences - No. 73
Mass Transfer with Chemical
Reaction in Multiphase Systems
Volume 11: Three-Phase Systems
edited by
Erdogan Alper, Ph.D. (Cantab)
B.S~.,
Professor of Chemical Engineering
University of Ankara, Besevler, Anka~a, Turkey
Anadolu University, Eskiiehir, Turkey
1983 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
The Hague / Boston / Lancaster
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction in Multiphase Systems,
Cesme - izmir, Turkey, August 10 - 21, 1981
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Study Institute on Mass Transfer with
Chemical Reaction in Mu1tiphase Systems (1981 :
Ce§me, Turkey)
Mass transfer with chemical reaction in mu1tiphase
systems.
(NATO AS! series. Series E, Applied sciences j
no. 72-73)
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific
Affairs Division."
"Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction in Multiphase
Systems, le~me--Izmir, Turkey, August 10-21, 1981"--T.p.
verso.
Includes bibliographical references.
Contents! v. 1. Two-phase systems -- v. 2. Three
-phase systems.
1. Mass transfer--Congresses. 2. Chemical reactions
--Congresses. !. A1per, Erdogan. II. North Atlantic
Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division.
III. '.title. IV. Series: NATO advanced science institutes
series. Series E, Applied sciences no. 72-73.
TP156.M3N38 :'1981 660.2'8423 83-13285
ISBN 90-247-2874-6 ( set)
ISBN 90-24'7- 2872-X (v. 1)
ISBN 90-247-2873-8 (v. 2)
ISBN 90-247-2873-8 (this volume)
ISBN 90-247-2689-1 (series)
ISBN 90-247-2874-6 (set)
Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Boston, Inc., 190 Old Derby
Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA
Distributors for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution
Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 566,2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands
Copyright © 1983 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague
Printed in The Netherlands
v
NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE
on
"MASS TRANSFER WITH CHEMICAL REACTION
IN
~lULTIPHASE SYSTEr~S"
DIRECTOR
E. Alper Department of Chemical Engineering,
Faculty of Sciences,
Ankara University, Be$evler,Ankara,Turkey~
SCIENTIFIC ADVISOR
W. -D. Deckwer Institut fur Technische Chemie,
Universitaet Hannover,
D -3000 Hannover 1, F.R.Germanyo
HONORARY SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS
Pg V. Danckwerts Chemical Engineering Department,
University of Cambridge,
Pembroke Street,Cambridge,England.
M M. Sharma Department of Chemical Technology,
0
of Bombay,
, N...a tunga Road, Bombay, India.
LECTURERS
VI
E. Alper Department of Chem~cal Engineering,
Faculty of Sciences,
Ankara University,Be$ev1er,Ankara,Turkey.
Istituto di principi di Ingegneria Chimica,
GoAstarita
Piazzale Tecchio,
80125 Napo1i.lta1ia.
JoC"Charpentier CNRS,Laboratoire des Sciences du Genie
Chimique,
1, rue grandvi11e,
5l.0l.2 Nancy Cedex,France.
w. -D. Deckwer Institut fur Technische Chemie,
Universitaet Hannover.
D -3000 Hannover 1, F.R.Germanyo
A.Germain Universite de Liege,
Faculte des Sciences Appliquees,
Chimie Industrielle,
Le Rue A.Stevart,2
B -4000 Liege,Belgique.
S .. Hartland Technisch-Chemisches Laboratorium
ETH - Zentrum
CH -B092 Zurich, Rwitzerland.
H.Hofmann Institut fur Technische Chemie,
Ege~landstrasse 3,
d -8250 Erlangen,
F.RcGermany.
Universite de Liege,
Laboratoire de Genie Chimique,
Institut de Chimie-Metallurgie,
2, rue A.Stevart,
B -4000 Liege,Be1gique.
R .. .Mann UMIST,The University o£ !1anchester,
PO Box 88,lfanchester 1-1 60 lQD
England.
H. . Sawistowski -Imperial College of Science and Technology,
Department of Chemical Engineerinp"
London SW7 2BY, Engiand.
K. Schugerl Institut fur Technische Chem~e
Univesitaet Hannover,
D -3000 Hannover,F.R.Germany.
Y.T. Shah University of Pittsburgh,
School of Engineering,
Chemical and Petroleum En~ineerin~_
VII
PREFACE
The phenomenon of "mass transfer with chemical reaction"
takes place whenever one phase is brought into contact with one
or more other phases not in chemical equilibrium with it. This
ohenomenon has industrial, biological and physiological importance.
In chemical process engineering, it is encountered in both separ
ation processes and reaction engineering. In some -cases, a
chemical reaction may deliberately be employed for speeding up the
rate of mass transfer and/or for increasing the capacity of the
solvent; in other cases the multiphase reaction system is a part
of the process with the specific aim of product formation.
Finally, in some cases, for instance "distillation \"Iith chemical
reaction", both objectives are involved. Although the subject is
clearly a chemical engineering it requires often a
undertakin~,
good understanding of other subjects, such as chemistry and fluid
I
mechanics etc., leading to publications in diversified areas. On
the other hand, the subject has always been a major field and one
of the most fruitful for chemical engineers.
It is for these reasons that the editor decided to organise
a NATO Advanced Study Institute covering all aspects, with the
ul ti mate aim of an overvi of the 1a ndscape to i denti fy features
2\'1
that provide orientation. After many discussions \'Iith Professors
H.-D. Deck1rJer, P.V. Danckwerts, C. Hanson and t4.M. Sharma, it vIas
decided to limit the ASI to (1) gas-liquid, (2) liquid-liquid, and
. (3) gas-liquid-solid systems. Thus, the only really important
area left out was fluid-solid systems, part of which was hO\,/ever
dealt with in another NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Analysis
of Fluid-Solid Catalytic Systems" under the directorship of Prof.
G;F. Froment. The originally planned date for Institute had
~he
to be postponed for one year in order to prevent a clash with
another NATO Advanced Study Institute.
This bJO-volume book consists entirely of the proceedings
of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, v/hich was held in Cesme,
Izmir, Turkey during August 10-22, '1981. It includes review
lectures of the eminent scientists as presented during the
Institute. Although every attempt was made by the director/
editor, it was not altoaether Dossible to realise absolute unifor
mity as these reviews were written in a relatively short time by
authors who did not have the chance of coming together prior to
the meeting. During the Institute, some short original contri
butions were also presented by interested participants on areas
closely related to the invited reviews.
Due to the large amount of material, these Proceedings are
divided into two volumes. The first volume includes the general
introductory revie\'!s involving the mathematical lay-out, physico-
VIII
chemical data, reaction kinetics and transport data, gas-liquid
and liquid-liquid systems, and biochemical systems. The second
volume is devoted entirely to the three-phase system and its
application to coal technology Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
~nd
Special features of this Institute reflected fully in these
Proceedings, are the treatments of biological reactions,
facilitated transport, reactive distillation, solvent extraction
of metals and some related aspects of coal utilisation.
Here, I would very much like to compliment and thank all
lecturers not only for their very clear oral and written contri
butions but also for wholeheartedly supporting the Institute. I
feel particularly obliged to make a special to
ackno\~/ledgement
Prof. -D. Deckwer, who was involved from the very beginning to
~1.
the very end, to Professors P.V. DanckltJerts and M.t4. Sharma \A/ho
contributed immensely to the scientific organisation, and to Prof.
~~ .t1. Sharma \'/ho was a 1s o very kind in prov; di ng ma teri a 1 pr; or to
publication.
I would also like to thank all participants for their con
tributions to the Advanced Study Institute. Indeed, it was their
active participation which brought a real sense of satisfaction
to the director/editor.
I express, of course above all, my deepest gratitude to the
Scientific Affairs Division of NATO and their officers, in
particular Or. M. di Lullo and Mr. M. Sudarskis, who not only
almost entirely supported the Institute financially, but also
helped a local objective of m'ine, i.e. promoting scientific
affairs of Turkish chemical engineers. I gratefully acknowledge
also the financial contributions of the Turkish Scientific and
Technological Research Council and the Ankara Office of the
British Council.
I would also like to thank my assistants and co-workers at
various universities in Turkey for doing many tedious chores, and
to thank Mrs. Bilge Goksidan for the drawings.
Last, but by no means least, my effort$ in organising this
ASI could not have succeeded without the patience and the under
'standing of my wife, Ayse, and our daughter, Gizem, who have on
too many occasions been neglected during the last two years; for
their co-operation and inspiration I am particularly grateful.
Ankara, Turkey ERDOGAN ALPER
IX
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS: Volume I I
LECTURERS VI
PREFACE VII
G.A. L1HOMME
Introduction to Gas-Liquid-Sol id Systems
A. GERMAIN
Industrial Applications of Three Phase
.Catalytic Fixed Bed Reactors 19
H. HOFMANN
Fluiddynamics, Mass Transfer and Chemical Reaction
in Multiphase Catalytic Fixed Bed Reactors 73
M. CRINE and G.A. LIHOMME
Recent Trends in the Modell ing of
Catal~tic Trickle Bed Reactors 99
8.1. MORSI and J.C. CHARPENTIER
Hydrodynamics and Gas-Liquid Interfacial Parameters
with Organic and Aqueous Liquids in Catalytic and
Non Catalytic Packings in Trickle-Bed Reactors 133
i. EROGLU and T. DOGU
Influence of Hydrodynamic Model Parameters on the
Estimation of Intraparticle and Interphase Transport
Rates in a Trickle Bed Reactor 161
H. HOFMANN
Reaction Engineering Problems in Slurry Reactors 171
E. ALPER and W.-D. DECKWER
Some Aspects of Gas Absorption Mechanism
in Slurry Reactors 199
O.M. KUT, G. GUT, T. BUEHLMANN and A. LUSSY
Model 1 ing of Consecutive Hydrogenation Reactions
with Sorption and Mass Transfer Effects in a
Stirred Tank Slurry System 225
x
Y. SERPEMEN and W.-D. DECKWER
Influence of Nonuniform Catalyst Distribution on the
Performance of the Bubble Column Slurry Reactor 239
D. ELENKOV and S.D. VLAEV
A Rotating Disc Reactor for Reaction
Processes in Slurries 257
Y.T. SHAH and J. GOPAL
Slurry Reactors for Coal Technology 267
W.-D. DECKWER
Coal Liquefaction via Indirect Routes 287
Y.T. SHAH and R.S. ALBAL
Chemical Cleaning of Coal - The Oxydesulfurization
Process 351
Y.T. SHAH, P.C. SINGH and A. CALIMLI
Direct Coal Liquefaction 365
List of PARTICIPANTS 397