Mass Spectrometry: Theory and Applications

180 Pages·2021·15.777 MB·English

by  William O. Nichols

Analytical Chemistry and
Microchemistry

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Analytical Chemistry and
Microchemistry

Mass Spectrometry: Theory and Applications
William O. Nichols (Editor)
2021. ISBN: 978-1-53619-790-7 (Hardcover)
2021. ISBN: 978-1-53619-874-4 (eBook)

Aflatoxins: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Public Health, Policies and Modern
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Spyridon Kintzios and Sofia Mavrikou (Editors)
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Gas Chromatography: History, Methods and Applications
Percy Henrichon (Editor)
2020. ISBN: 978-1-53617-350-5 (Softcover)
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A Textbook on Water Chemistry: Sampling, Data Analysis and
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Oscar M. Thygesen
Editor

Trace Metals

Sources, Applications and
Environmental Implications
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Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
Contents

Preface .......................................................................................... vii
Chapter 1 Zinc Supplementation in Health and Disease .................1
Sakshi Hans, Janelle E. Stanton,
Eibhlís M. O’Connor and Andreas M. Grabrucker
Chapter 2 Impacts and Significance of Metal–Microbe
Interactions on Soil and Sediment Ecosystems .............31
Binu Prakash and Mahesh Mohan
Chapter 3 Heavy Metal Pollution and Public Health:
A Review of Heavy Metal Pollution, Health
Implications, and Methods Potentially Used for
Pollution Assessment .......................................................63
Innocent Mugudamani, Saheed. A. Oke and
Thandi. P. Gumede
Chapter 4 Changes in Chromium Bioavailability on
Resuspension of Contaminated Sediments from
a Tropical Estuary ...........................................................89
Christiane do Nascimento Monte,
Ana Paula de Castro Rodrigues,
Alexandre Rafael de Freitas,
Bernardo Ferreira Braz, Aline Soares Freire,
Renato Campello Cordeiro,
Ricardo Erthal Santelli and Wilson Machado
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 115
Index ......................................................................................... 165

Preface

Trace metals are necessary for the proper functioning of living organisms and
are absorbed by the body through diet or environmental exposure. However,
excessive intake of trace metals can cause health problems. As such, the study
of the presence of trace metals in the environment and their effects on health
is important. This volume includes four chapters that provide details about
trace metals in various contexts. Chapter One explains the nutritional zinc
requirements of humans and discusses the usefulness of different supplements
in various applications. Chapter Two addresses the different aspects of metal-
microbial interactions, focusing on soil and sediment ecosystems. Chapter
Three addresses pollution of heavy metals, emission sources, health
implications, and commonly used methods for assessment of pollution. Lastly,
Chapter Four assesses possible changes in the geochemical behavior of
chromium caused by sediment resuspension in a hypereutrophic estuary that
receives domestic and industrial effluents daily.
Chapter 1 - Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, and
possibly, chromium are essential trace metals for humans. Zinc, in particular,
is vital for many physiological processes that regulate endocrine and immune
functions and control healthy brain development and activity. However,
currently, it is estimated that 20 percent of the human population is at risk of
zinc deficiency. Therefore, zinc supplementation became a significant focus
in trace metal and health research, acting as a nutritional supplement to
compensate for low zinc bioavailability and nutraceutical with
pharmacological activity. This chapter will provide background to the
nutritional zinc requirements of humans, introduce zinc supplements such as
inorganic and organic supplements and discuss their differences and
usefulness in various applications. In addition, the chapter will summarize
scientifically proven beneficial effects of zinc supplementation and highlight
new potential areas for zinc supplementation as a prevention and treatment
strategy.
viii Oscar M. Thygesen
Chapter 2 - Modern globalisation has escalated the sources of heavy metal
pollution in human-centered natural habitats. Heavy metals are persistent and
are toxic to all forms of life. So, metal detoxification and restoration of metal-
contaminated sites are very significant. Detoxification with microbes is very
relevant as it is a cost-effective and natural method. Microorganisms living in
already contaminated environments are often well adapted to survive in the
presence of existing contamination. Microorganisms like algae, bacteria, and
fungi can detoxify trace metals by bioremediation. Many reports on metal-
microbe interactions highlight its important role in eradicating heavy metals
from the ecosystem in an eco-friendly way through removal, detoxification,
and recovery of organic and inorganic metals. There is a long quandary on
how microbes link with metals in both natural and manmade environmental or
biogeochemical cycling of metals by microorganisms. This chapter, therefore,
attempts to address the different aspects of metal-microbial interactions,
focusing on soil and sediment ecosystems.
Chapter 3 - With the rapid industrialization and economic development,
heavy metals are continuing to be introduced to soils and sediments through
fertilization, irrigation, rivers, runoff, atmospheric deposition and point
sources. Additionally, activities such as metal mining, refining, and
refinishing by products also contribute to the introduction of heavy metals in
the environment. All these activities decrease the capability of the
environment to support life thus threatening people, animal and plant health.
Health implications associated with heavy metal exposure include those that
disturbs nervous, blood forming, cardiovascular, renal and reproductive
systems. Furthermore, accumulation of heavy metals in soil diminish quality
of soil, cause crop yield decrease and affect the quality of agricultural
products. It is important to appraise the concentration of heavy metals in the
environment as they are toxic, persistent and non-degradable. Pollution
indices are effective in appraisal of soil pollution with heavy metals,
monitoring quality of soil and ensuring future sustainability. This chapter
seeks to address the pollution of heavy metals, emission source, health
implications and commonly used methods for assessment of pollution and for
health risks assessment.
Chapter 4 - The resuspension of contaminated sediments in the water
column has been recognized as an important process of metal pollutants
remobilization in historically contaminated estuaries, which can change the
concentration and bioavailability of these elements. The aim of this study was
to assess possible changes on the geochemical behavior of chromium (Cr)
caused by sediment resuspension in the area of a hypereutrophic estuary