Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future, 6th Edition (Wadsworth Series in Mass Communication and Journalism) PDF
Preview Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future, 6th Edition (Wadsworth Series in Mass Communication and Journalism)
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. MASS COMMUNICATION CHRONOLOGY 1455 JohannGutenberginventsprinting press 1940 PaulLazarsfeld’svoterstudies begininErie 1644 Milton’sAeropagetica appears County,Ohio 1690 PublickOccurrences,first newspaperin 1941 United Statesenters WorldWarII America,published British developfirst binarycomputer 1704 Firstnewspaper adappears 1942 CarlHovland conductsfirstwar propaganda 1741 Firstmagazines appearintheColonies research 1790 BillofRightsandFirst Amendment adopted 1833 BenjaminDay’sNewYorkSunushersinpenny British developColossus, thefirstelectronic digitalcomputer, tobreakGermanwarcode press 1945 World WarIIends 1836 CharlesBabbagedevelops plansfor a mechanicalcomputerinEngland GordonAllportandLeoPostman’srumorstudy 1844 SamuelMorse inventstelegraph published 1876 AlexanderGrahamBell inventstelephone 1946 John MauchlyandJohn Atanasoffintroduce 1877 ThomasEdisondemonstratesphonograph ENIAC,thefirst“full-service”electronicdigital 1894 America’sfirstmovie(kinetoscope)houseopens computer 1895 LouisandAugusteLumière introduce 1947 Hutchins Commission issuesreport onpress single-screenmotionpictureexhibit freedom WilliamRandolphHearstandJosephPulitzer TheHollywoodTencalledbeforetheHouse embarkonyellowjournalism Un-American ActivitiesCommittee 1896 Hearstsendsinfamous telegramtoreporter in 1948 Norbert Wiener’sCybernetics published Cuba Cabletelevision invented Pressservicesfounded 1949 GeorgeOrwell’s1984published 1912 RadioActof1912signed intolaw CarlHovland, ArthurLumsdaine, andFred 1915 Pulitzer endowsprizethatbearshisname Sheffield’sExperimentsinMassCommunication 1920 KDKAgoesontheair published 1922 WalterLippmann’sPublicOpinion published 1951 Harold Innis’sTheBiasof Communication Firstcommercial announcement broadcaston published radio Edward R.Murrow’sSeeItNowpremieres 1924 TheAmericanSocietyof NewspaperEditors’ UNIVAC becomes thefirstsuccessful Canonsof Journalism adopted commercial computer 1926 NBCbeginsnetwork broadcasting 1953 CarlHovland, IrvingJanis, andHarold Talkingpicturesintroduced Kelley’sCommunication andPersuasion 1927 RadioActof1927creates theFederalRadio published Commission 1954 Murrowchallenges McCarthy ontelevision 1933 PayneFund’sMovies,Delinquency, andCrime 1955 PaulLazarsfeld andElihuKatz’sPersonal published Influencepublished 1934 CommunicationsActpasses,createstheFederal 1957 C. WrightMills’sPowerElite published Communications Commission Soviet Unionlaunches Sputnik, Earth’sfirst 1938 Warof theWorldsbroadcast human-constructed satellite 1939 Firstpublic broadcastoftelevision LeonFestinger’sCognitiveDissonance WorldWarIIeruptsin Europe published PaperbackbookintroducedintheUnitedStates 1958 Television quizshowscandalerupts Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 1959 C.WrightMills’sTheSociologicalImagination 1975 ASNE’sStatementofPrinciplesreplacesCanons published Bill GatesandPaulAllendevelop operating 1960 JohnF.Kennedy andRichard Nixonmeetin system forpersonal computers theGreatDebates 1977 SteveJobsandStephenWozniakperfectAppleII Televisionin90percentofallU.S.homes 1978 Digital audioandvideorecordingadoptedas JosephKlapper’sEffectsofMassCommunication media industrystandard published 1981 IBM introducesthePC 1961 Key’sPublicOpinion andAmerican Petty andCacioppo’sElaborationLikelihood Democracypublished Modelintroduced Kennedymakes nation’sfirstlive TV 1983 Journalof Communication devotesentire issue presidential pressconference to “Ferment intheField” Schrammteam’sTelevisionintheLivesofOur CDintroduced Childrenpublished 1985 Meyrowitz’sNoSense ofPlacepublished 1962 Festinger’scognitive dissonance articleappears 1990 Signorielli andMorgan’sCultivation Analysis SidneyKraus’sGreatDebatespublished published 1991 GulfWarexplodes,CNNemergesasimportant AirForcecommissionsPaulBarantodevelopa newssource nationalcomputernetwork 1963JFK 1992 ACTdisbands, sayswork iscomplete assassinated 1992 World WideWebreleased AlbertBandura’saggressivemodeling 1993 Tenyearsafter“Ferment,”Journalof experiments firstappear Communication tries againwith specialissue, Networksbegin one-half-hour newscasts “TheFutureoftheField” 1964 McLuhan’sUnderstandingMedia published 1996 Telecommunications Actpasses, relaxes 1965 Colorcomesto allthree commercial TV broadcast ownershiprules, deregulatescable networks television, mandatestelevisioncontent ratings Comsatsatellite launched 1998 Journalof Communication devotesentire issue 1966 Mendelsohn’sMassEntertainment published to medialiteracy BergerandLuckmann’sTheSocial MP3 introduced Construction ofReality published 2000 Name changeof “Critical StudiesinMass 1967 Merton’sOnTheoreticalSociologypublished Communication”to“Critical StudiesinMedia 1969 Blumercoins“symbolicinteraction” Communication” 2001 Terrorist attacksonNewYorkCity and ARPANET, forerunnerto Internet,goesonline Washington, D.C. 1971 Bandura’sPsychologicalModelingpublished 2003 FCC institutes new,relaxedmediaownership 1972 SurgeonGeneral’sReportonTelevision and rules SocialBehaviorreleased U.S.invasionof Iraq McCombsandShawintroduce“agenda-setting” Social networkingwebsites appear Gerbner’sViolenceProfile initiated Bloggers’CodeofEthics formalized FCCrequirescablecompaniestoprovide“local 2004 Journalism &MassCommunication Quarterly access” focuses editiononmedia framing RayTomlinson develops e-mail American BehavioralScientist devotestwo 1973 WatergateHearingsbroadcast live entire issuestomedia literacy 1974 BlumlerandKatz’sTheUses ofMass Communication published Facebooklaunched Noelle-Neumannintroduces “spiralof silence” 2005 YouTube launched Goffmanpioneers frameanalysis NewsCorp(Rupert Murdoch) buysMySpace HomeuseofVCR introduced 2006 GooglebuysYouTube Term“Internet”coined Twitter launched Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2007 JournalofCommunication publishes Internet overtakesnewspapersasasourceof specialissueonframing,agenda-setting, newsfor Americans andpriming American Societyof NewspaperEditors 2008 JournalofCommunication publishes special becomes AmericanSocietyof NewsEditors issueonthe“intersection”ofdifferent mass RadioandTelevision NewsDirectors communicationresearchmethods and Association becomes RadioTelevision theoretical approaches 2009 Potter’sArguingfor aGeneral Frameworkfor Digital NewsAssociation MassMedia Scholarship published Social networkinguseexceedse-mail Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. From the Wadsworth Series in Mass Communication and Journalism General Mass Communication Rich,WritingandReportingNews:ACoachingMethod, Biagi,Media/Impact:AnIntroductiontoMassMedia,Tenth SixthEdition Edition Hilmes,Connections:ABroadcastHistoryReader Public Relations and Advertising Hilmes,OnlyConnect:ACulturalHistoryofBroadcastingin Diggs-Brown,StrategicPublicRelations:AudienceFocused theUnitedStates,ThirdEdition Approach Lester,VisualCommunication:ImageswithMessages,Fifth Diggs-Brown,ThePRStyleguide:FormatsforPublicRela- Edition tionsPractice,SecondEdition Overbeck,MajorPrinciplesofMediaLaw,2011Edition Drewniany/Jewler,CreativeStrategyinAdvertising,Tenth Straubhaar/LaRose,MediaNow:UnderstandingMedia, Edition Culture,andTechnology,SeventhEdition Hendrix,PublicRelationsCases,EighthEdition Zelezny,CasesinCommunicationsLaw,SixthEdition Newsom/Haynes,PublicRelationsWriting:FormandStyle, Zelezny,CommunicationsLaw:Liberties,Restraints,andthe NinthEdition ModernMedia,SixthEdition Newsom/Turk/Kruckeberg,ThisisPR:TheRealitiesofPublic Relations,TenthEdition Journalism Bowles/Borden,CreativeEditing,SixthEdition Research and Theory Davis/Davis,ThinkLikeanEditor:50StrategiesforthePrint BaranandDavis,MassCommunicationTheory:Foundations, andDigitalWorld Ferment,andFuture,SixthEdition Hilliard,WritingforTelevision,Radio,andNewMedia, Sparks,MediaEffectsResearch:ABasicOverview,Third TenthEdition Edition Kessler/McDonald,WhenWordsCollide:AMediaWriter’s WimmerandDominick,MassMediaResearch:AnIntroduc- GuidetoGrammarandStyle,EighthEdition tion,NinthEdition Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. M C T ASS OMMUNICATION HEORY Foundations, Ferment, and Future SIXTH EDITION Stanley J. Baran, Ph.D. Bryant University Dennis K. Davis, Ph.D. Pennsylvania State University Australia•Brazil•Japan•Korea•Mexico•Singapore•Spain•UnitedKingdom•UnitedStates Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. MassCommunicationTheory:Foundations, ©2012,2009,2006Wadsworth,CengageLearning Ferment,andFuture,SixthEdition ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyright StanleyJ.BaranandDennisK.Davis hereinmaybereproduced,transmitted,stored,orusedinanyformorby anymeansgraphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingbutnotlimitedto SeniorPublisher:LynUhl photocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Webdistribution, Publisher:MichaelRosenberg informationnetworks,orinformationstorageandretrievalsystems, DevelopmentEditor:ErinPass exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStates AssistantEditor:JillianD’Urso CopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. 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ContentProjectManagement:PreMediaGlobal ArtDirector:MarissaFalco LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010933368 PrintBuyer:JustinPalmeiro ISBN-13:978-0-495-89887-0 RightsAcquisitionsSpecialist(textandimage): AmandaGroszko ISBN-10:0-495-89887-2 ProductionService:PreMediaGlobal CoverDesigner:WingNgan Wadsworth 20ChannelCenterStreet CoverImage:JohnLund/GettyImages Boston,MA02210 Compositor:PreMediaGlobal USA CengageLearningisaleadingproviderofcustomizedlearningsolutions withofficelocationsaroundtheglobe,includingSingapore,theUnited Kingdom,Australia,Mexico,BrazilandJapan.Locateyourlocalofficeat international.cengage.com/region CengageLearningproductsarerepresentedinCanadaby NelsonEducation,Ltd. Foryourcourseandlearningsolutions,visitwww.cengage.com. Purchaseanyofourproductsatyourlocalcollegestoreoratour preferredonlinestorewww.cengagebrain.com. Instructors:Pleasevisitlogin.cengage.comandlogintoaccess instructor-specificresources. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. To Sidney Kraus His words and actions—indeed, how he has chosen to live his life and career—in the years since the first edition of this book have convinced us of the wisdom of our original decision to honor him—our friend, mentor, and colleague. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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