Marks' standard handbook for mechanical engineers

1519 Pages·1996·28.229 MB·English

by  Avallone, Eugene A., Baumeister, Theodore, Marks, Lionel Simeon

Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
Marks’
Standard Handbook for
Mechanical Engineers
Revised by a staff of specialists
EUGENE A. AVALLONE Editor
ConsultingEngineer;ProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,Emeritus
TheCityCollegeoftheCityUniversityofNewYork
THEODORE BAUMEISTER III Editor
RetiredConsultant,InformationSystemsDepartment
E.I.duPontdeNemours&Co.
Tenth Edition
McGRAW-HILL
NewYork SanFrancisco Washington,D.C. Auckland Bogota´
Caracas Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan
Montreal NewDelhi SanJuan Singapore
Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
LibraryofCongressCatalogedTheFirstIssue
ofthistitleasfollows:
Standardhandbookformechanicalengineers.1st-ed.;
1916–
NewYork,McGraw-Hill.
v.Illus.18–24cm.
Titlevaries:1916–58;Mechanicalengineers’handbook.
Editors:1916–51,L.S.Marks.—1958– T.Baumeister.
Includesbibliographies.
1.Mechanicalengineering—Handbooks,manuals,etc. I.Marks,
LionelSimeon,1871– ed. II.Baumeister,Theodore,1897–
ed. III.Title;Mechanicalengineers’handbook.
TJ151.S82 5029.49621 16–12915
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:87-641192
MARKS’ STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
Copyright©1996,1987,1978byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.
Copyright©1967,renewed1995,and1958,renewed1986,byTheodoreBaumeisterIII.
Copyright©1951,renewed1979byLionelP.MarksandAlisonP.Marks.
Copyright©1941,renewed1969,and1930,renewed1958,byLionelPeabodyMarks.
Copyright©1924,renewed1952byLionelS.Marks.
Copyright©1916byLionelS.Marks.
Allrightsreserved.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof
1976,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstored
inadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.
1234567890 DOW/DOW 90109876
ISBN0-07-004997-1
ThesponsoringeditorsforthisbookwereRobertW.HausermanandRobertEsposito,theediting
supervisorwasDavidE.Fogarty,andtheproductionsupervisorwasSuzanneW.B.Rapcavage.
ItwassetinTimesRomanbyProgressiveInformationTechnologies.
PrintedandboundbyR.R.Donnelley&SonsCompany.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
Theeditorsandthepublisherswillbegratefultoreaderswhonotifythemofanyinaccuracyor
importantomissioninthisbook.
Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
Contributors
Abraham Abramowitz Consulting Engineer; Professor of Electrical Engineering, C.P.Butterfield ChiefEngineer,WindTechnologyDivision,NationalRenewableEn-
Emeritus,TheCityCollege,TheCityUniversityofNewYork(ILLUMINATION) ergyLaboratory(WINDPOWER)
VincentM.Altamuro President,VMA,Inc.,TomsRiver,NJ(MATERIALHOLDINGAND BensonCarlin* President,O.E.M.Medical,Inc.(SOUND,NOISE,ANDULTRASONICS)
FEEDING.CONVEYORMOVINGANDHANDLING.AUTOMATEDGUIDEDVEHICLESAND C.L.Carlson* LateFellowEngineer,ResearchLabs.,WestinghouseElectricCorp.
ROBOTS. MATERIAL STORAGE AND WAREHOUSING. METHODS ENGINEERING. AUTO- (NONFERROUSMETALS)
MATEDMANUFACTURING.INDUSTRIALPLANTS) Vittorio(Rino)Castelli SeniorResearchFellow,XeroxCorp.(FRICTION,FLUIDFILM
AlgerAnderson VicePresident,Engineering,Research&ProductDevelopment,Lift- BEARINGS)
TechInternational,Inc.(OVERHEADTRAVELINGCRANES) MichaelJ.Clark Manager,OpticalToolEngineeringandManufacturing,Bausch&
WilliamAntis* TechnicalDirector,MaynardResearchCouncil,Inc.,Pittsburgh,PA Lomb,Rochester,NY(OPTICS)
(METHODSENGINEERING) AshleyC.Cockerill StaffEngineer,MotorolaCorp.(ENGINEERINGSTATISTICSAND
DennisN.Assanis ProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMichigan(IN- QUALITYCONTROL)
TERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINES) AaronCohen RetiredCenterDirector,LyndonB.JohnsonSpaceCenter,NASAand
KlemensC.Baczewski ConsultingEngineer(CARBONIZATIONOFCOALANDGAS ZachryProfessor,TexasA&MUniversity(ASTRONAUTICS)
MAKING) ArthurCohen Manager,StandardsandSafetyEngineering,CopperDevelopmentAssn.
Glenn W. Baggley Manager, Regenerative Systems, Bloom Engineering Co., Inc. (COPPERANDCOPPERALLOYS)
(COMBUSTIONFURNACES) D.E.Cole Director,OfficeforStudyofAutomotiveTransportation,TransportationRe-
FrederickG.Bailey ConsultingEngineer;formerlyTechnicalCoordinator,Thermody- searchInstitute,UniversityofMichigan(INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINES)
namicsandApplicationsEngineering,GeneralElectricCo.(STEAMTURBINES) JamesM.Connolly SectionHead,ProjectsDepartment,JacksonvilleElectricAuthor-
AntonioF.Baldo ProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,Emeritus,TheCityCollege, ity(COSTOFELECTRICPOWER)
TheCityUniversityofNewYork(NONMETALLICMATERIALS.MACHINEELEMENTS) RobertT.Corry* RetiredAssociateProfessorofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineer-
RobertD.Bartholomew SheppardT.PowellAssociates,LLC(CORROSION) ing,PolytechnicUniversity(INSTRUMENTS)
GeorgeF.Baumeister President,EMCProcessCorp.,Newport,DE(MATHEMATI- PaulE.Crawford Partner;Connolly,Bove,Lodge&Hutz;Wilmington,DE(PATENTS,
CALTABLES) TRADEMARKS,ANDCOPYRIGHTS)
Heard K. Baumeister Senior Engineer, Retired, International Business Machines M.R.M.CrespodaSilva* UniversityofCincinnati(ATTITUDEDYNAMICS,STABILI-
Corp.(MECHANISM) ZATION,ANDCONTROLOFSPACECRAFT)
HowardS.Bean* LatePhysicist,NationalBureauofStandards(GENERALPROPERTIES Julian H. Dancy Consulting Engineer, Formerly Senior Technologist, Technology
OFMATERIALS) Division,FuelsandLubricantsTechnologyDepartment,Texaco,Inc.(LUBRICANTSAND
E. R.Behnke* ProductManager,CMChainDivision,Columbus,McKinnonCorp. LUBRICATION)
(CHAINS) Benjamin B. Dayton Consulting Physicist, East Flat Rock, NC (HIGH-VACUUM
JohnT.Benedict RetiredStandardsEngineerandConsultant,SocietyofAutomotive PUMPS)
Engineers(AUTOMOTIVEENGINEERING) RodneyC.DeGroot ResearchPlantPathologist,ForestProductsLab.,USDA(WOOD)
C.H.Berry* LateGordonMcKayProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,HarvardUni- JosephC.Delibert RetiredExecutive,TheBabcockandWilcoxCo.(STEAMBOILERS)
versity;LateProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,NortheasternUniversity(PREFERRED DonaldD.Dodge Supervisor,Retired,ProductQualityandInspectionTechnology,
NUMBERS) ManufacturingDevelopment,FordMotorCo.(NONDESTRUCTIVETESTING)
LouisBialy Director,Codes&ProductSafety,OtisElevatorCompany(ELEVATORS, JosephS.Dorson SeniorEngineer,ColumbusMcKinnonCorp.(CHAIN)
DUMBWAITERS,ANDESCALATORS) MichaelB.Duke Chief,SolarSystemsExploration,JohnsonSpaceCenter,NASA(AS-
MalcolmBlair TechnicalandResearchDirector,SteelFoundersSocietyofAmerica TRONOMICALCONSTANTSOFTHESOLARSYSTEM,DYNAMICENVIRONMENTS.SPACEEN-
(IRONANDSTEELCASTINGS) VIRONMENT)
OmerW.Blodgett SeniorDesignConsultant,LincolnElectricCo.(WELDINGAND F.J.Edeskuty RetiredAssociate,LosAlamosNationalLaboratory(CRYOGENICS)
CUTTING) O.Elnan* UniversityofCincinnati(SPACE-VEHICLETRAJECTORIES,FLIGHTMECHANICS,
DonaldE.Bolt EngineeringManager,HeatTransferProductsDept.,FosterWheeler ANDPERFORMANCE.ORBITALMECHANICS)
EnergyCorp.(POWERPLANTHEATEXCHANGERS) RobertE.Eppich VicePresident,Technology,AmericanFoundrymen’sSociety(IRON
ClausBorgnakke AssociateProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMich- ANDSTEELCASTINGS)
igan(INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINES) C.JamesErickson* PrincipalConsultant,EngineeringDepartment.E.I.duPontde
G.DavidBounds SeniorEngineer,PanEnergyCorp.(PIPELINETRANSMISSION) Nemours&Co.(ELECTRICALENGINEERING)
WilliamJ.Bow Director,Retired,HeatTransferProductsDepartment,FosterWheeler GeorgeH.Ewing* RetiredPresidentandChiefExecutiveOfficer,TexasEasternGas
EnergyCorp.(POWERPLANTHEATEXCHANGERS) PipelineCo.andTranswesternPipelineCo.(PIPELINETRANSMISSION)
JamesL.Bowman SeniorEngineeringConsultant,Rotary-ReciprocatingCompressor ErichA.Farber DistinguishedServiceProfessorEmeritus;Director,Emeritus,Solar
Division,Ingersoll-RandCo.(COMPRESSORS) EnergyandEnergyConversionLab.,UniversityofFlorida(HOTAIRENGINES.SOLAREN-
Aine Brazil Vice President, Thornton-Tomasetti/Engineers (STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ERGY.DIRECTENERGYCONVERSION)
BUILDINGS) D.W.Fellenz* UniversityofCincinnati(SPACE-VEHICLETRAJECTORIES,FLIGHTME-
FredericW.Buse* ChiefEngineer,StandardPumpDivision,Ingersoll-RandCo.(DIS- CHANICS,ANDPERFORMANCE.ATMOSPHERICENTRY)
PLACEMENTPUMPS) ArthurJ.Fiehn* LateRetiredVicePresident,ProjectOperationsDivision,Burns&Roe,
Inc.(COSTOFELECTRICPOWER)
SanfordFleeter ProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringandDirector,ThermalSciences
andPropulsionCenter,SchoolofMechanicalEngineering,PurdueUniversity(JETPROPUL-
*Contributionsbyauthorswhosenamesaremarkedwithanasteriskweremade SIONANDAIRCRAFTPROPELLERS)
forthepreviouseditionandhavebeenrevisedorrewrittenbyothersforthis WilliamL.Gamble ProfessorofCivilEngineering,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-
edition.Thestatedprofessionalpositioninthesecasesisthatheldbytheauthorat Champaign(CEMENT,MORTAR,ANDCONCRETE.REINFORCEDCONCRETEDESIGNAND
thetimeofhisorhercontribution. CONSTRUCTION)
ix
Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
x CONTRIBUTORS
DanielG.Garner* SeniorProgramManager,InstituteofNuclearPowerOperations, MichaelK.Madsen Manager,IndustrialProductsEngineering,NeenahFoundryCo.
Atlanta,GA(NUCLEARPOWER) (FOUNDRYPRACTICEANDEQUIPMENT)
BurtGarofab SeniorEngineer,PittstonCorp.(MINES,HOISTS,ANDSKIPS.LOCOMO- C.J.Manney* Consultant,ColumbusMcKinnonCorp.(HOISTS)
TIVEHAULAGE,COALMINES) ErnstK.H.Marburg Manager,ProductStandardsandService,ColumbusMcKinnon
SiamakGhofranian SeniorEngineer,RockwellAerospace(DOCKINGOFTWOFREE- Corp.(LIFTING,HOISTING,ANDELEVATING.DRAGGING,PULLING,ANDPUSHING.LOAD-
FLYINGSPACECRAFT) ING,CARRYING,ANDEXCAVATING)
SamuelV.Glorioso SectionChief,MetallicMaterials,JohnsonSpaceCenter,NASA AdolphMatz* LateProfessorEmeritusofAccounting,TheWhartonSchool,Universityof
(STRESSCORROSIONCRACKING) Pennsylvania(COSTACCOUNTING)
NormanGoldberg ConsultingEngineer(HEATING,VENTILATION,ANDAIRCONDI- LeonardMeirovitch UniversityDistinguishedProfessor,DepartmentofEngineering
TIONING) ScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity(VIBRATION)
DavidT.Goldman DeputyManager,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,ChicagoOperations SherwoodB.Menkes ProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,Emeritus,TheCityCol-
Office(MEASURINGUNITS) lege,TheCityUniversityofNewYork(FLYWHEELENERGYSTORAGE)
FrankE.Goodwin VicePresident,MaterialsScience,ILZRO,Inc.(BEARINGMETALS. GeorgeW.Michalec ConsultingEngineer,FormerlyProfessorandDeanofEngineer-
LOW-MELTING-POINTMETALSANDALLOYS.ZINCANDZINCALLOYS) ingandScience,StevensInstituteofTechnology(GEARING)
DonGraham Manager,TurningPrograms,Carboloy,Inc.(CEMENTEDCARBIDES) DuaneK.Miller WeldingDesignEngineer,LincolnElectricCo.(WELDINGANDCUT-
JohnE.Gray* ERCI,Intl.(NUCLEARPOWER) TING)
DavidW.Green SupervisoryResearchGeneralEngineer,ForestProductsLab.,USDA RussellC.Moody SupervisoryResearchGeneralEngineer,ForestProductsLab.,
(WOOD) USDA(WOOD)
WalterW.Guy Chief,CrewandThermalSystemsDivision,JohnsonSpaceCenter,NASA RalphL.Moore* RetiredSystemsConsultant,E.I.duPontdeNemours&Co.(AUTO-
(SPACECRAFTLIFESUPPORTANDTHERMALMANAGEMENT) MATICCONTROLS)
Harold V. Hawkins* Late Manager, Product Standards and Services, Columbus ThomasL.Moser DeputyAssociateAdministrator,OfficeofSpaceFlight,NASAHead-
McKinnonCorp.(DRAGGING,PULLING,ANDPUSHING.PIPELINEFLEXURESTRESSES) quarters,NASA(SPACE-VEHICLESTRUCTURES)
Keith L. Hawthorne Senior Assistant Vice President, Transportation Technology GeorgeJ.Moshos ProfessorEmeritusofComputerandInformationScience,New
Center,AssociationofAmericanRailroads(RAILWAYENGINEERING) JerseyInstituteofTechnology(COMPUTERS)
V.T.Hawthorne VicePresident,EngineeringandTechnicalServices,AmericanSteel OttoMuller-Girard ConsultingEngineer(INSTRUMENTS)
Foundries(RAILWAYENGINEERING) JamesW.Murdock LateConsultingEngineer(MECHANICSOFFLUIDS)
J.EdmundHay U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior(EXPLOSIVES) Gregory V. Murphy Process Control Consultant, DuPont Co. (AUTOMATIC CON-
RogerS.Hecklinger ProjectDirector,RoyF.WestonofNewYork.Inc.(INCINERA- TROLS)
TION) Joseph F. Murphy Supervisory General Engineer, Forest Products Lab., USDA
TerryL.Henshaw ConsultingEngineer,BattleCreek,MI(DISPLACEMENTPUMPS) (WOOD)
RolandHernandez ResearchGeneralEngineer,ForestProductsLab.,USDA(WOOD) JohnNagy RetiredSupervisoryPhysicalScientist,U.S.DepartmentofLabor,MineSafety
HoytC.Hottel ProfessorEmeritus,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(RADIANT andHealthAdministration(DUSTEXPLOSIONS)
HEATTRANSFER) B.W.Niebel ProfessorEmeritusofIndustrialEngineering,ThePennsylvaniaStateUni-
R.EricHutz Associate;Connolly,Bove,Lodge,&Hutz;Wilmington,DE(PATENTS, versity(INDUSTRIALECONOMICSANDMANAGEMENT)
TRADEMARKS,ANDCOPYRIGHTS) PaulE.Norian SpecialAssistant,RegulatoryApplications,OfficeofNuclearRegulatory
MichaelW.M.Jenkins Professor,AerospaceDesign,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology Research,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission(NUCLEARPOWER)
(AERONAUTICS) NunzioJ.Palladino* DeanEmeritus,CollegeofEngineering,PennsylvaniaStateUni-
PeterK.Johnson Director,MarketingandPublicRelations,MetalPowderIndustries versity(NUCLEARPOWER)
Federation(POWDEREDMETALS) D.J.Patterson ProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,Emeritus,UniversityofMichigan
RandolphT.Johnson NavalSurfaceWarfareCenter(ROCKETFUELS) (INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINES)
RobertL.Johnston BranchChief,Materials,JohnsonSpaceCenter,NASA(METAL- HaroldW.Paxton UnitedStatesSteelProfessorEmeritus,CarnegieMellonUniversity
LICMATERIALSFORAEROSPACEAPPLICATIONS.MATERIALSFORUSEINHIGH-PRESSURE (IRONANDSTEEL)
OXYGENSYSTEMS) RichardW.Perkins ProfessorofMechanical,Aerospace,andManufacturingEngi-
ByronM.Jones RetiredAssociateProfessorofElectricalEngineering,SchoolofEngi- neering,SyracuseUniversity(WOODCUTTINGTOOLSANDMACHINES)
neering,UniversityofTennesseeatChattanooga(ELECTRONICS) W.R.Perry* UniversityofCincinnati(ORBITALMECHANICS.SPACE-VEHICLETRAJEC-
ScottK.Jones AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofAccounting,UniversityofDelaware TORIES,FLIGHTMECHANICS,ANDPERFORMANCE)
(COSTACCOUNTING) KennethA.Phair SeniorMechanicalEngineer,StoneandWebsterEngineeringCorp.
RobertJorgensen EngineeringConsultant(FANS) (GEOTHERMALPOWER)
SeropeKalpakjian ProfessorofMechanicalandMaterialsEngineering,IllinoisInsti- OrvisE.Pigg SectionHead,StructuralAnalysis,JohnsonSpaceCenter,NASA(SPACE-
tuteofTechnology(METALREMOVALPROCESSESANDMACHINETOOLS) VEHICLESTRUCTURES)
IgorJ.Karassik LateSeniorConsultingEngineer,Ingersoll-DresserPumpCo.(CEN- HenryO.Pohl Chief,PropulsionandPowerDivision,JohnsonSpaceCenter,NASA
TRIFUGALANDAXIALFLOWPUMPS) (SPACEPROPULSION)
RobertW.Kennard* Lake-SumterCommunityCollege,Leesburg,FL(ENGINEERING CharlesD.Potts RetiredProjectEngineer,EngineeringDepartment,E.I.duPontde
STATISTICSANDQUALITYCONTROL) Nemours&Co.(ELECTRICALENGINEERING)
EdwinE.Kintner* ExecutiveVicePresident,GPUNuclearCorp.,Parsippany,NJ(NU- R.Ramakumar ProfessorofElectricalEngineering,OklahomaStateUniversity(WIND
CLEARPOWER) POWER)
J.RandolphKissell Partner,TheTGBPartnership(ALUMINUMANDITSALLOYS) PascalM.Rapier ScientistIII,Retired,LawrenceBerkeleyLaboratory(ENVIRONMEN-
AndrewC.Klein AssociateProfessor,NuclearEngineering,OregonStateUniversity TALCONTROL.OCCUPATIONALSAFETYANDHEALTH.FIREPROTECTION)
(ENVIRONMENTALCONTROL.OCCUPATIONALSAFETYANDHEALTH.FIREPROTECTION) JamesD.Redmond President,TechnicalMarketingServices,Inc.(STAINLESSSTEEL)
EzraS.Krendel EmeritusProfessorofOperationsResearchandStatistics,Wharton AlbertH.Reinhardt TechnicalStaff,Pratt&Whitney,DivisionofUnitedTechnologies
School,UniversityofPennsylvania(HUMANFACTORSANDERGONOMICS.MUSCLEGENER- Corp.(GASTURBINES)
ATEDPOWER) WarrenW.Rice SeniorProjectEngineer,PiedmontEngineeringCorp.(MECHANICAL
A.G.Kromis* UniversityofCincinnati(SPACE-VEHICLETRAJECTORIES,FLIGHTME- REFRIGERATION)
CHANICS,ANDPERFORMANCE) GeorgeJ.Roddam SalesEngineer,LectromeltFurnaceDivision,SalemFurnaceCo.
P.G.Kuchuris,Jr.* MarketPlanningManager,InternationalHarvesterCo.(OFF- (ELECTRICFURNACESANDOVENS)
HIGHWAYVEHICLESANDEARTHMOVINGEQUIPMENT) LouisH.Roddis* LateConsultingEngineer,Charleston,SC(NUCLEARPOWER)
L.D.Kunsman* LateFellowEngineer,ResearchLabs.,WestinghouseElectricCorp. DarroldE.Roen LateManager,Sales&SpecialEngineering&GovernmentProducts,
(NONFERROUSMETALS) JohnDeere(OFF-HIGHWAYVEHICLES)
ColinK.Larsen VicePresident,BlueGiantU.S.A.Corp.(SURFACEHANDLING) IvanL.Ross* InternationalManager,ChainConveyorDivision,ACCO(OVERHEAD
LubertJ.Leger DeputyBranchChief,Materials,JohnsonSpaceCenter,NASA(SPACE CONVEYORS)
ENVIRONMENT) RobertJ.Ross SupervisoryResearchGeneralEngineer,ForestProductsLab.,USDA
JohnH.Lewis TechnicalStaff,Pratt&Whitney,DivisionofUnitedTechnologiesCorp.; (WOOD)
AdjunctAssociateProfessor,HartfordGraduateCenter,RenssealearPolytechnicInstitute J.W.Russell* UniversityofCincinnati(SPACE-VEHICLETRAJECTORIES,FLIGHTME-
(GASTURBINES) CHANICS,ANDPERFORMANCE.LUNAR-ANDINTERPLANETARY-FLIGHTMECHANICS)
PeterE.Liley Professor,SchoolofMechanicalEngineering,PurdueUniversity(THER- A.J.Rydzewski ProjectEngineer,EngineeringDepartment,E.I.duPontdeNemours
MODYNAMICS,THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIESOFSUBSTANCES) &Co.(MECHANICALREFRIGERATION)
Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
CONTRIBUTORS xi
C.EdwardSandifer Professor,WesternConnecticutStateUniversity,Danbury,CT StephenR.Swanson ProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofUtah(FIBER
(MATHEMATICS) COMPOSITEMATERIALS)
AdelF.Sarofim LammotduPontProfessorofChemicalEngineering,Massachusetts John Symonds Fellow Engineer,Retired,OceanicDivision,WestinghouseElectric
InstituteofTechnology(RADIANTHEATTRANSFER) Corp.(MECHANICALPROPERTIESOFMATERIALS)
MartinD.Schlesinger WallingfordGroup,Ltd.(FUELS) AntonTenWolde ResearchPhysicist,ForestProductsLab.,USDA(WOOD)
JohnR.Schley Manager,TechnicalMarketing,RMITitaniumCo.(TITANIUMAND W.DavidTeter ProfessorofCivilEngineering,UniversityofDelaware(SURVEYING)
ZIRCONIUM) HelmutThielsch* President,ThielschEngineeringAssociates(PIPE,PIPEFITTINGS,
MatthewS.Schmidt SeniorEngineer,RockwellAerospace(DOCKINGOFTWOFREE- ANDVALVES)
FLYINGSPACECRAFT) MichaelC.Tracy Captain,U.S.Navy(MARINEENGINEERING)
GeorgeSege TechnicalAssistanttotheDirector,OfficeofNuclearRegulatoryRe- JohnH.Tundermann VicePresident,ResearchandTechnology,INCOAlloysIntl.,
search,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission(NUCLEARPOWER) Inc.(METALSANDALLOYSFORUSEATELEVATEDTEMPERATURES.NICKELANDNICKEL
JamesD.Shearouse,III SeniorDevelopmentEngineer,TheDowChemicalCo. ALLOYS)
(MAGNESIUMANDMAGNESIUMALLOYS) CharlesO.Velzy Consultant(INCINERATION)
DavidA.Shifler Metallurgist,NavalSurfaceWarfareCenter(CORROSION) HarryC.Verakis SupervisoryPhysicalScientist,U.S.DepartmentofLabor,MineSafety
RajivShivpuri ProfessorofIndustrial,Welding,andSystemsEngineering,OhioState andHealthAdministration(DUSTEXPLOSIONS)
University(PLASTICWORKINGOFMETALS) ArnoldS.Vernick Associate,Geraghty&Miller,Inc.(WATER)
WilliamT.Simpson ResearchForestProductsTechnologist,ForestProductsLab., J.P.Vidosic Regents’ProfessorEmeritusofMechanicalEngineering,GeorgiaInstitute
USDA(WOOD) ofTechnology(MECHANICSOFMATERIALS)
KennethA.Smith EdwardR.GillilandProfessorofChemicalEngineering,Massa- RobertJ.Vondrasek AssistantVicePresidentofEngineering,NationalFireProtec-
chusettsInstituteofTechnology(TRANSMISSIONOFHEATBYCONDUCTIONANDCONVEC- tionAssoc.(COSTOFELECTRICPOWER)
TION) Michael W. Washo Engineering Associate, EastmanKodakCo.(BEARINGSWITH
LawrenceH.Sobel* UniversityofCincinnati(VIBRATIONOFSTRUCTURES) ROLLINGCONTACT)
JamesG.Speight WesternResearchInstitute(FUELS) HaroldM.Werner* Consultant(PAINTSANDPROTECTIVECOATINGS)
IvanK.Spiker NASA,Retired(STRUCTURALCOMPOSITES) RobertH.White SupervisoryWoodScientist,ForestProductsLab.,USDA(WOOD)
RobertD.Steele Manager,TurbineandRehabilitationDesign,VoithHydro,Inc.(HY- ThomasW.Wolff Instructor,Retired,MechanicalEngineeringDept.,TheCityCollege,
DRAULICTURBINES) TheCityUniversityofNewYork(SURFACETEXTUREDESIGNATION,PRODUCTION,AND
RobertF.Steidel,Jr. ProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,Retired,Universityof CONTROL)
California,Berkeley(MECHANICSOFSOLIDS) JohnW.Wood,Jr. ApplicationsSpecialist,FluidtecEngineeredProducts,ColtecIn-
dustries(PACKINGSANDSEALS)
Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
Dedication
On the occasion of the publication of the tenth edition of Marks’ Standard Handbook for
MechanicalEngineers,wenotethatthisisalsotheeightiethanniversaryofthepublicationof
thefirstedition.TheEditorsandpublisherprofferthisbriefdedicationtoallthosewhohave
beeninstrumentalintherealizationofthegoalssetforthbyLionelS.Marksintheprefaceto
thefirstedition.
First,wehonorthememoryofthedeceasedEditors,LionelS.MarksandTheodoreBau-
meister. Lionel S. Marks’ concept of a Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook came to fruition
withthepublicationofthefirsteditionin1916;TheodoreBaumeisterfollowedasEditorwith
thepublicationofthesixtheditionin1958.
Second,weareindebtedtoourcontributors,pastandpresent,whosowillinglyminedtheir
expertisetogathermaterialforinclusionintheHandbook,therebysharingitwithothers,far
andwide.
Third,weacknowledgeourwidecircleofreaders—engineersandothers—whohaveused
the Handbook in the conduct of their work and, from time to time, have provided cogent
commentary,suggestions,andexpressionsofloyalty.
xiii
Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
Preface to the First Edition*
This Handbook is intended to supply both the practicing engineer and the student with a
referenceworkwhichisauthoritativeincharacterandwhichcoversthefieldofmechanical
engineeringinacomprehensivemanner.Itisnolongerpossibleforasingleindividualora
small group of individuals to have so intimate an acquaintance with any major division of
engineeringasisnecessaryifcriticaljudgmentistobeexercisedinthestatementofcurrent
practice and the selection of engineering data. Only by the cooperation of a considerable
numberofspecialistsisitpossibletoobtainthedesirabledegreeofreliability.ThisHandbook
representstheworkoffiftyspecialists.
Each contributor is to be regarded as responsible for the accuracy of his section. The
numberofcontributorsrequiredtoensuresufficientlyspecializedknowledgeforallthetopics
treatedisnecessarilylarge.Itwasfounddesirabletoenlisttheservicesofthirteenspecialists
foranadequatehandlingofthe‘‘PropertiesofEngineeringMaterials.’’Suchtopicsas‘‘Auto-
mobiles,’’‘‘Aeronautics,’’‘‘Illumination,’’‘‘PatentLaw,’’‘‘CostAccounting,’’‘‘Industrial
Buildings,’’ ‘‘Corrosion,’’ ‘‘Air Conditioning,’’ ‘‘Fire Protection,’’ ‘‘Prevention of Acci-
dents,’’etc.,thoughoccupyingrelativelysmallspacesinthebook,demandedeachaseparate
writer.
Anumberofthecontributionswhichdealwithengineeringpractice,afterexaminationby
theEditor-in-Chief,weresubmittedbyhimtooneormorespecialistsforcriticismandsug-
gestions. Their cooperation has proved of great value in securing greater accuracy and in
ensuringthatthesubjectmatterdoesnotembodysolelythepracticeofoneindividualbutis
trulyrepresentative.
Anaccuracyoffoursignificantfigureshasbeenassumedasthedesirablelimit;figuresin
excessofthisnumberhavebeendeleted,exceptinspecialcases.Inthemathematicaltables
onlyfoursignificantfigureshavebeenkept.
The Editor-in-Chief desires to express here his appreciation of the spirit of cooperation
shownbytheContributorsandoftheirpatienceinsubmittingtomodificationsoftheirsec-
tions. He wishes also to thank the Publishers for giving him complete freedom and hearty
assistanceinallmattersrelatingtothebookfromthechoiceofcontributorstothedetailsof
typography.
Cambridge,Mass. LIONELS.MARKS
April23,1916
*Excerpt.
xvii
Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
Preface to the Tenth Edition
In the preparation of the tenth edition of ‘‘Marks,’’ the Editors had two major continuing
objectives.First,tomodernizeandupdatethecontentsasrequired,andsecond,toholdtothe
high standard maintained for eighty years by the previous Editors, Lionel S. Marks and
TheodoreBaumeister.
TheEditorshavefounditinstructivetoleafthroughthefirsteditionofMarks’Handbook
and to peruse its contents. Some topics still have currency as we approach the end of the
twentiethcentury;othersareofhistoricalinterestonly.Certainly,thepassageof80yearssince
thepublicationofthefirsteditionsendsaclearmessagethat‘‘thingschange’’!
ThereplacementoftheU.S.CustomarySystem(USCS)ofunitsbytheInternationalSys-
tem(SI)isstillfarfromcomplete,andproceedsatdifferentratesnotonlyintheengineering
professions,butalsoinoursocietyingeneral.Accordingly,dualityofunitshasbeenretained,
asappropriate.
Establishedpracticecombinedwithnewconceptsanddevelopmentsaretheunderpinnings
ofourprofession.Amongthemostsignificantandfar-reachingchangesaretheincorporation
ofmicroprocessorsintomanytoolsanddevices,bothnewandold.Anever-increasingnumber
ofproductionprocessesarebeingautomatedwithrobotsperformingdullordangerousjobs.
Workstationsconsistingofpersonalcomputersandaselectionofsoftwareseeminglywith-
outlimitsarealmostuniversal.Notonlydoestheengineerhavepowerfulcomputationaland
analyticaltoolsathand,butalsothosesametoolshavebeenappliedindiverseareaswhich
appeartohavenobounds.Amodernbusinessormanufacturingentitywithoutakeyboardand
ascreenisananomaly.
TheEditorsarecognizantofthecompetingrequirementstooffertheuserabroadspectrum
ofinformationthathasbeenthehallmarkoftheMarks’Handbooksinceitsinception,andyet
tokeepthesizeoftheonevolumewithinreason.Thishasbeenachievedthroughthediligent
effortsandcooperationofcontributors,reviewers,andthepublisher.
Last,theHandbookisultimatelytheresponsibilityoftheEditors.Meticulouscarehasbeen
exercised to avoid errors, but if any are inadvertently included, the Editors will appreciate
being so informed so that corrections can be incorporated in subsequent printings of this
edition.
Ardsley,NY EUGENEA.AVALLONE
Newark,DE THEODOREBAUMEISTERIII
xv
Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
Symbols and Abbreviations
Forsymbolsofchemicalelements,seeSec.6;forabbreviationsapplyingtometricweights
andmeasuresandSIunits,Sec.1;SIunitprefixesarelistedonp.1-19.
Pairsofparentheses,brackets,etc.,arefrequentlyusedinthisworktoindicatecorrespond-
ingvalues.Forexample,thestatementthat‘‘thecostperkWofa30,000-kWplantis$86;ofa
15,000-kWplant,$98;andofan8,000-kWplant,$112,’’iscondensedasfollows:Thecost
perkWofa30,000(15,000)[8,000]-kWplantis$86(98)[112].
Inthecitationofreferencesreadersshouldalwaysattempttoconsultthelatesteditionof
referencedpublications.
AorA˚ Angstromunit510210m;3.937310211in ANSI AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute
A massnumber5N1Z;ampere antilog antilogarithmof
AA arithmeticalaverage API Am.PetroleumInst.
AAA Am.AutomobileAssoc. approx approximately
AAMA AmericanAutomobileManufacturers’Assoc. APWA Am.PublicWorksAssoc.
AAR Assoc.ofAm.Railroads AREA Am.RailroadEng.Assoc.
AAS Am.AstronauticalSoc. ARI AirConditioningandRefrigerationInst.
ABAI Am.Boiler&AffiliatedIndustries ARS Am.RocketSoc.
abs absolute ASCE Am.Soc.ofCivilEngineers
a.c. aerodynamiccenter ASHRAE Am. Soc. of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning
a-c,ac alternatingcurrent Engineers
ACI Am.ConcreteInst. ASLE Am.Soc.ofLubricatingEngineers
ACM Assoc.forComputingMachinery ASM Am.Soc.ofMetals
ACRMA AirConditioningandRefrigeratingManufacturersAssoc. ASME Am.Soc.ofMechanicalEngineers
ACS Am.ChemicalSoc. ASST Am.Soc.ofSteelTreating
ACSR aluminumcablesteel-reinforced ASTM Am.Soc.forTestingandMaterials
ACV aircushionvehicle ASTME Am.Soc.ofTool&ManufacturingEngineers
A.D. annoDomini(intheyearofourLord) atm atmosphere
AEC AtomicEnergyCommission(U.S.) Auto.Ind. AutomotiveIndustries(NewYork)
a-f,af audiofrequency avdp avoirdupois
AFBMA Anti-frictionBearingsManufacturers’Assoc. avg,ave average
AFS Am.Foundrymen’sSoc. AWG Am.WireGage
AGA Am.GasAssoc. AWPA Am.WoodPreservationAssoc.
AGMA Am.GearManufacturers’Assoc. AWS AmericanWeldingSoc.
ahp airhorsepower AWWA AmericanWaterWorksAssoc.
AlChE Am.Inst.ofChemicalEngineers b barns
AIEE Am.Inst.ofElectricalEngineers(seeIEEE) bar barometer
AIME Am.Inst.ofMiningEngineers B&S Brown&Sharp(gage);BeamsandStringers
AIP Am.Inst.ofPhysics bbl barrels
AISC AmericanInstituteofSteelConstruction,Inc. B.C. beforeChrist
AISE Am.Iron&SteelEngineers B.C.C. bodycenteredcubic
AISI Am.IronandSteelInst. Be´ Baume´(degrees)
a.m. antemeridiem(beforenoon) B.G. Birminghamgage(hoopandsheet)
a-m,am amplitudemodulation bgd billionsofgallonsperday
Am.Mach. Am.Machinist(NewYork) BHN BrinnellHardnessNumber
AMA AcousticalMaterialsAssoc. bhp brakehorsepower
AMCA AirMoving&ConditioningAssoc.,Inc. BLC boundarylayercontrol
amu atomicmassunit B.M. boardmeasure;benchmark
AN ammoniumnitrate(explosive);Army-NavySpecification bmep brakemeaneffectivepressure
AN-FO ammoniumnitrate-fueloil(explosive) BofM, BureauofMines
ANC Army-NavyCivilAeronauticsCommittee BuMines
ANS Am.NuclearSoc. BOD biochemicaloxygendemand
xix
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this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
xx SYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONS
bp boilingpoint d-c,dc directcurrent
Bq bequerel def definition
bsfc brakespecificfuelconsumption deg degrees
BSI BritishStandardsInst. diam.(dia) diameter
Btu Britishthermalunits DO dissolvedoxygen
Btuh,Btu/h Btuperhr DO deuterium(heavywater)
2
bu bushels d.p. doublepole
Bull. Bulletin DP Diametralpitch
Buweaps BureauofWeapons,U.S.Navy DPH diamondpyramidhardness
BWG Birminghamwiregage DST daylightsavingtime
c velocityoflight d2tons breakingstrength,d5chainwirediam,in.
°C degreesCelsius(centigrade) DX directexpansion
C coulomb e baseofNapierianlogarithmicsystem(52.71821)
CAB CivilAeronauticsBoard EAP equivalentairpressure
CAGI CompressedAir&GasInst. EDR equivalentdirectradiation
cal calories EEI EdisonElectricInst.
C-B-R chemical,biological&radiological(filters) eff efficiency
CBS ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem e.g. exempligratia(forexample)
cc,cm3 cubiccentimeters ehp effectivehorsepower
CCR criticalcompressionratio EHV extrahighvoltage
ctoc centertocenter El.Wld. ElectricalWorld(NewYork)
cd candela elec electric
c.f. centrifugalforce elong elongation
cf. confer(compare) emf electromotiveforce
cfh,ft3/h cubicfeetperhour Engg. Engineering(London)
cfm,ft3/min cubicfeetperminute Engr. TheEngineer(London)
C.F.R. CooperativeFuelResearch ENT emergencynegativethrust
cfs,ft3/s cubicfeetpersecond EP extremepressure(lubricant)
cg centerofgravity ERDA EnergyResearch&DevelopmentAdministration(successor
cgs centimeter-gram-second toAEC;seealsoNRC)
Chm.Eng. ChemicalEng’g(NewYork) Eq. equation
chu centrigradeheatunit est estimated
C.I. castiron etc. etcetera(andsoforth)
cir circular etseq. etsequens(andthefollowing)
cirmil circularmils eV electronvolts
cm centimeters evap evaporation
CME CharteredMech.Engr.(IMechE) exp exponentialfunctionof
C.N. cetanenumber exsec exteriorsecantof
coef coefficient ext external
COESA U.S.CommitteeonExtensiontotheStandardAtmosphere °F degreesFahrenheit
col column F farad
colog cologarithmof FAA FederalAviationAgency
const constant F.C. fixedcarbon,%
cos cosineof FCC FederalCommunicationsCommission;FederalConstructive
cos21 anglewhosecosineis,inversecosineof Council
cosh hyperboliccosineof F.C.C. face-centered-cubic(alloys)
cosh21 inversehyperboliccosineof ff. following(pages)
cot cotangentof fhp frictionhorsepower
cot21 anglewhosecotangentis(seecos21) Fig. figure
coth hyperboliccotangentof F.I.T. Federalincometax
coth21 inversehyperboliccotangentof f-m,fm frequencymodulation
covers coversedsineof F.O.B. freeonboard(cars)
c.p. circularpitch;centerofpressure FP foreperpendicular
cp candlepower FPC FederalPowerCommission
cp coefofperformance fpm,ft/min feetperminute
CP chemicallypure fps foot-pound-secondsystem
CPH closepackedhexagonal ft/s feetpersecond
cpm, cyclesperminute F.S. FederalSpecifications
cycles/min FSB FederalSpecificationsBoard
cps,cycles/s cyclespersecond fsp fibersaturationpoint
CSA CanadianStandardsAssoc. ft feet
csc cosecantof fc footcandles
csc21 anglewhosecosecantis(seecos21) fL footlamberts
csch hyperboliccosecantof ft?lb foot-pounds
csch21 inversehyperboliccosecantof g accelerationduetogravity
cu cubic g grams
cyl cylinder gal gallons
db,dB decibel gc gigacyclespersec