Marine Structures Engineering: Specialized Applications

566 Pages·1995·24.15 MB·English

by  Gregory P. Tsinker Ph.D., P.E. (auth.)

MARINE STRUCTURES ENGINEERING:
SPECIALIZED APPLICATIONS
MMAARRIINNEE SSlTHRUUCCTTUURREESS EENNGGIINNEEEERRIINNGG::
SSPPEECCIIAALLIiZlEEOD AAPPPPLUICCAATTIIOONNSS
GIfrteggoorryy PP.. TTssiinnkkeerr,, PPhh..DD..,,PP..EE..
SPRINGER-SCChIEaNpCmE+aBnU &SIN HESaSll M EDIA, B.V.
I(f)P
An International Thomson Publishing Company
New York· Albany· Bonn . Boston • Cincinnati . Detroit· London . Madrid . Melbourne
• Mexico City· Pacific Grove· Paris· San Francisco· Singapore· Tokyo· Toronto·
Washington
The intent ofthis book is to provide information that the author(s) have generated or obtained from other sources
that are considered to be reliable. No presumption is made to guarantee the accuracy or the completeness of the
information or its appropriateness to solve any given engineering or scientific problem. Nothing contained in this
book shall be construed as granting a license, expressed or implied, under any patents. The supplying of this
information does not constitute a rendering of engineering or other professional services and neither the author(s)
nor any person named herein nor Chapman & Hali shall be held liable for any omissions, errors, or damages
resulting from the application of the material and information contained in this book.
Cover photo courtesy of: Port Autonome de Nantes/St. Nazaire
(Photo: A. Bouquel)
Cover design: Edgar Blakeney
Copyright © 1995
Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1995
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1995
IQ;lP The ITP lega is a trademark under license
Ali rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any
form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or
information storage and retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher.
1 2 345 67 8 9 10 XXX OI 00 99 98 97 96 95
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tsinker, Gregory P.
Marine structures engineering : specialized applications I Gregory P. Tsinker.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-5865-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-2081-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2081-8
1. Harbors-Design and construction. 2. Ocean engineering.
1. Title.
TC205.T75 1994
627'.2-dc20 94-30074
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available
To dear mother
with all my love
Contents
Preface xiv
Introduction xvii
Contributors xx
1 THE DOCK-IN-SERVICE: EVALUATION OF LOAD CARRYING
CAPACITY, REPAIR, REHABILITATION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Deterioration of Structural Materials in a Marine Environment 2
1.2.1 The Marine Environment 2
1.2.2 Concrete Deterioration in the Marine Environment 5
1.2.3 Corrosion of Steel in the Marine Environment 17
1.2.4 Timber Degradation in the Marine Environment 23
1.3 Damages Attributed to Dock Operation 27
1.3.1 Physical Damage to the Structure by Vessel and/or Cargo
Handling Systems 27
1.3.2 Propeller-Induced Scour 28
1.4 Cost-Effective Approach to Evaluation of the Dock-in-Service 38
1.4.1 Inspection 39
1.4.2 Engineering Evaluation 47
1.4.3 Structure RepairlRehabilitation 50
vii
viii Contents
1.5 Rehabilitation of Distressed Soil-Retaining Structures 77
1.5.1 Soil Replacement 77
1.5.2 Use of Slabs and Piled Platforms for Reduction of the Soil Pressure 80
1.6 Scour Protection 84
1.6.1 Geotextiles 85
1.6.2 Rip-Rap 87
1.6.3 Concrete Blocks 88
1.6.4 Gabions 91
1.6.5 Precast Concrete Slabs 95
1.6.6 Fabric Containers Filled with Concrete 95
1.6.7 Deflectors 97
References 97
2 MARINE STRUCTURES IN COLD REGIONS 105
2.1 Introduction 105
2.2 Ice Covers 107
2.2.1 Ice Microstructure and Morphology 107
2.2.2 Ice Formation 108
2.2.3 Sea Ice Characteristics (Parameters of Importance) 110
2.2.4 Mechanical Properties 113
2.3 Ice--Structure Interaction: Typical Problems and Practical Examples 123
2.3.1 General 123
2.3.2 Port of Anchorage, Alaska 124
2.3.3 Wharf at Godthab, Greenland 128
2.3.4 Wharf at Nanisivik, Baffin Island 129
2.3.5 Offshore Oil Loading Terminal in Cook Inlet, Alaska 131
2.3.6 Caps Noirs Wharf, Quebec 135
2.4 Ice Forces on Structures 136
2.4.1 General 136
2.4.2 Environmental Driving Forces 138
2.4.3 Ice Crushing Load 139
2.4.4 Loads Due to Ice Buckling Mode of Failure 143
2.4.5 Horizontal and Vertical Loads Due to Ice Bending Mode of Failure 143
2.4.6 Forces Due to Adfreeze Mode of Failure 148
2.4.7 Load Due to Ice Splitting Mode of Failure 149
2.4.8 Ice Load on Multilegged. Structures 150
2.4.9 Ice Load of Thermal Origin 154
2.4.10 Icing 155
Contents Ix
2.4.11 Dynamic Ice Forces 15B
2.4.12 Ice-Induced Vibration of Structures 163
2.5 Harbor Operation: Basic Design Considerations 164
2.5.1 General 164
2.5.2 Site Selection 166
2.5.3 Subsurface Investigation 167
2.5.4 Layout 169
2.5.5 Effects of Vessel Operation on Ice Growth in the Ship Track 170
2.5.6 Effects of Ice Buildup Due to Tidal Action 173
2.5.7 Effect of Harbor Operation 174
2.6 Ice Control 174
2.6.1 General 174
2.6.2 Icebreaking 174
2.6.3 Ice Suppression 175
2.6.4 Ice Diversion 17B
2.6.5 Ice Removal and Disposal 1B1
2.6.6 Ice Management in a Berthing Zone 1B1
2.6.7 Environmental Aspects of Ice Control Management 1BB
2.6.8 Ice Control (Management) Selection Criteria 1BB
2.7 Dock Structure: Design Considerations 190
2.7.1 Loading 190
2.7.2 Foundation Design 191
2.7.3 Earthworks 192
2.7.4 Piles in Permafrost 195
2.7.5 Structural Materials 196
2.8 Design Aspects 200
2.8.1 General 200
2.8.2 Structures 201
2.8.3 Dock Fendering 203
2.8.4 Basic Design Principles 204
2.9 Marine Structures in Cold Regions: Some Characteristic Case Histories 205
2.9.1 Gravity-Type Structures 205
2.9.2 Piled Structures 210
2.9.3 Single-Point Moorings 214
2.9.4 Offshore Terminals in Moving Ice 21B
References 222
x Contents
3 SHIPLIFTS, MARINE RAILWAYS, SHIPWAYS, AND DRY
(GRAVING) DOCKS (by B. K. Mazurkiewicz) 240
3.1 General Information on Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Yards 240
3.1.1 Shipyard Layout: Basic Design Considerations 240
3.1.2 Shipyard Main Structures: General Specifications 242
3.2 Shiplifts 245
3.2.1 General 245
3.2.2 Platforms 248
3.2.3 Hoists 250
3.2.4 Hydraulically Operated Shiplifts 250
3.2.5 Design 251
3.2.6 Horizontal Ship Transfer System 256
3.3 Marine Railways 260
3.3.1 Function and Main Parameters 260
3.3.2 Structural Design and Construction Aspects 265
3.4 Shipways 268
3.4.1 Functions and Main Parameters 268
3.4.2 Structural Design and Construction of Longitudinal and
Transverse Shipways 276
3.5 Dry (Graving) Docks 281
3.5.1 Functions, Types, and Main Parameters 281
3.5.2 Heavy (Gravity) Dry Docks 284
3.5.3 Anchored Dry Docks 287
3.5.4 Drainage Dry Docks 290
3.5.5 Mechanical Equipment 295
3.5.6 Gates 298
3.5.7 Cranes 302
3.5.8 Structural Design 305
References 309
4 OFFSHORE MOORINGS (by J. R. Headland) 311
4.1 Introduction 311
4.2 Offshore Mooring Systems 311
4.3 Mooring System Components 314
4.3.1 Anchors 314
Contents xi
4.3.2 Sinkers 317
4.3.3 Anchor Chains 317
4.3.4 Buoys 318
4.3.5 Mooring Lines or Hawsers 318
4.4 Mooring Design Procedure 318
4.4.1 Mooring Layout 318
4.4.2 Environmental Site Conditions 318
4.5 Static Wind and Current Loads 322
4.5.1 Wind Load 322
4.5.2 Current Load 324
4.6 Design of Mooring Components 328
4.6.1 Selection of Anchor Chain 328
4.6.2 Computation of Chain Length and Tension 329
4.6.3 Some Applications of the Catenary Equations 331
4.6.4 Anchor Design 338
4.7 Loads on Mooring Elements 343
4.7.1 Static Versus Dynamic Analysis 343
4.7.2 Static Analysis 343
4.7.3 Dynamic Analysis 353
References 365
5 FLOATING BREAKWATERS (by J. R. Headland) 367
5.1 Introduction 367
5.2 Wave Mechanics 370
5.3 Mechanics of Vibration 372
5.4 Dynamics of Floating Bodies 373
5.5 Buoyancy and Stability of Floating Breakwaters 376
5.6 Prediction of Wave Transmission 376
5.6.1 Hydraulic Model Tests 379
5.6.2 Simplified Analytical Methods 379
5.6.3 Numerical Models 380
5.6.4 Comparison of Predictive Techniques 384
5.6.5 Computation of Wave Transmission for Irregular Waves 386
xii Contents
5.7 Prediction of Mooring Forces 388
5.7.1 Hydraulic Model Tests 388
5.7.2 Simple Analytical Methods 390
5.7.3 Numerical Models 394
5.8 Structural Design of Floating Breakwaters 407
5.8.1 Hydraulic Model Tests 407
5.8.2 Simplified Methods 407
5.8.3 Numerical Models 409
5.9 Additional Aspects of Design 409
References 409
6 MARINAS 412
6.1 General 412
6.2 The Environmental Design Process 415
6.3 Site Selection 417
6.4 Site Conditions 421
6.4.1 Weather Factors 421
6.4.2 Ice 423
6.4.3 Waves 424
6.4.4 Tides 425
6.4.5 Currents 426
6.4.6 Shoaling 426
6.4.7 Geotechnical Conditions 428
6.4.8 Sociological Factors 429
6.5 Layout Planning 429
6.5.1 Objectives and General Principles 429
6.5.2 Entrance Channel 432
6.5.3 Fairways 437
6.5.4 Turning Basin 437
6.5.5 Berth Areas 437
6.5.6 Berth System 439
6.5.7 Floating Pier Design 462
6.5.8 Perimeter Structures 475
6.6 Dredging of the Marina Basin: Some Environmental Aspects 483
6.6.1 General 483
6.6.2 Turbidity Created by Dredge and Underwater Disposal 484