Marine Protists: Diversity and Dynamics PDF
Preview Marine Protists: Diversity and Dynamics
Susumu Ohtsuka · Toshinobu Suzaki Takeo Horiguchi · Noritoshi Suzuki Editors Fabrice Not Marine Protists Diversity and Dynamics Marine Protists Susumu Ohtsuka • Toshinobu Suzaki Takeo Horiguchi • Noritoshi Suzuki Fabrice Not Editors Marine Protists Diversity and Dynamics Editors Susumu Ohtsuka Toshinobu Suzaki Takehara Marine Science Station Graduate School of Science Setouchi Field Science Center Kobe University Graduate School of Biosphere Science Kobe , Hyogo , Japan Hiroshima University Takehara , Hiroshima , Japan Noritoshi Suzuki Institute of Geology and Paleontology Takeo Horiguchi Graduate School of Science Department of Biological Sciences Tohoku University Faculty of Science Sendai , Miyagi , Japan Hokkaido University Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan Fabrice Not Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que – CNRS University Pierre and Marie Curie – UPMC Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff , France ISBN 978-4-431-55129-4 ISBN 978-4-431-55130-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55130-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015945630 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer Japan 2015 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Japan KK is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace A mong the eight major superphyla of eukaryotes, only a handful of organisms have developed multicellularity. Indeed, most of eukaryotic life on Earth is composed of protists, a large portion of which are marine. Thanks to the recent advent of molecu- lar and cellular techniques, we have partially unveiled their potential for both applied and fundamental sciences. Protistology is entering an exciting time, a time of major discoveries, opening up avenues in a variety of scientifi c fi elds such as evolution of life, global ecology and biodiversity, and cell biology, among others. One major drawback to fully understanding the implications of protists for global ecology and fundamental biology, however, is the scattered knowledge inherent in human sectionalism. Bridges between scientifi c domains are often diffi cult to build. Fossilized protistan taxa such as foraminifers and radiolarians have traditionally been investigated by paleontologists, while non-fossilized ones are usually studied by biologists and ecologists. Parasitic marine protists such as apicomplexans and myxozoans are separately addressed by fi sh pathologists. Scientists are well aware of the great complexity of the functioning of ecosystems and the importance of biotic interactions. Holistic approaches to integrate knowledge from various taxo- nomic groups but also environmental, contextual data are clearly required to address current global issues. T he Great East Japan Earthquake disaster has made us gravely aware that our modern industrialized societies are a tinderbox. We have realized that now is a criti- cal turning point for innovation of new social systems that accelerate wise use of nature. Our ancestors had locally experienced many “collapses” without recogni- tion of these essential laws. Moreover it reminds us of the war movie entitled Valkyrie in which we realize we must make compensation for our own actions. The development of protist biology and ecology has a tremendous potential to contribute to resolving current and forthcoming major issues faced by humans in terms of shortages of natural resources for food and energy. F ollowing a series of joint meetings of the Plankton Society of Japan and the Japanese Association of Benthology, we recognized the importance of putting together our knowledge to further contribute to the development of protistology. We then drew up a list of eminent experts who kindly accepted our request for v vi Preface contributions, making this unique book on the diversity and dynamics of marine protists possible. We would like to express our sincere thanks to Springer, particu- larly to Ms. Mei Hann Lee, who offered us this valuable opportunity. We could not have accomplished our tasks without their constant encouragement and support. This book aims at providing students and researchers a multidisciplinary overview of the science of protists in order to establish the basis of modern, integrated protistology. Takehara , Japan Susumu Ohtsuka Kobe , Japan Toshinobu Suzaki Sapporo , Japan Takeo Horiguchi Sendai , Japan Noritoshi Suzuki Roscoff , France Fabrice Not Contents Part I Diversity, Biology, and Ecology 1 Protistan Diversity in Environmental Molecular Surveys .................. 3 Ramon Massana 2 Unusual Features of Dinokaryon, the Enigmatic Nucleus of Dinoflagellates ..................................................................................... 23 Yasuhiro Fukuda and Toshinobu Suzaki 3 Diversity of Microbial Eukaryotes in Deep Sea Chemosynthetic Ecosystems Illuminated by Molecular Techniques .............................. 47 Kiyotaka Takishita 4 Biology, Diversity and Ecology of Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates ....................................................................... 63 Takeshi Nakayama 5 Basal Lineages of Green Algae – Their Diversity and Phylogeny ......................................................................................... 89 Stuart D. Sym 6 Typical Features of Genomes in the Mamiellophyceae........................ 107 Nigel Grimsley , Sheree Yau , Gwenaël Piganeau , and Hervé Moreau 7 Planktic Foraminifera............................................................................. 129 Katsunori Kimoto 8 Biology and Ecology of Radiolaria ........................................................ 179 Noritoshi Suzuki and Fabrice Not 9 Phaeodaria: Diverse Marine Cercozoans of World-Wide Distribution ................................................................... 223 Yasuhide Nakamura and Noritoshi Suzuki vii viii Contents 10 Ecology and Evolution of Marine Diatoms and Parmales .................. 251 Akira Kuwata and David H. Jewson 11 Planktonic Ciliates: Diverse Ecological Function in Seawater ........... 277 Takashi Kamiyama 12 Biology and Paleontology of Coccolithophores (Haptophytes) ........... 311 Kyoko Hagino and Jeremy R. Young 13 Diversity and Ecology of Thraustochytrid Protists in the Marine Environment .................................................................... 331 Ryosuke Nakai and Takeshi Naganuma 14 Ecology and Distribution of Protists in Brackish Water Lakes ............................................................................................. 347 Hideki Ishida 15 Oldest Fossil Records of Marine Protists and the Geologic History Toward the Establishment of the Modern-Type Marine Protist World .............................................................................. 359 Noritoshi Suzuki and Masahiro Oba Part II Symbiosis 16 Diversity and Phylogeny of Marine Parasitic Dinoflagellates............. 397 Takeo Horiguchi 17 Biology of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) in Corals ................................................................................................... 421 Hiroshi Yamashita and Kazuhiko Koike 18 Biology of Symbiotic Apostome Ciliates: Their Diversity and Importance in the Aquatic Ecosystems .......................................... 441 Susumu Ohtsuka , Toshinobu Suzaki , Atsushi Kanazawa , and Motonori Ando 19 Photosymbiosis in Marine Planktonic Protists ..................................... 465 Johan Decelle , Sébastien Colin , and Rachel A. Foster 20 Marine Protist Viruses ............................................................................ 501 Yuji Tomaru , Kei Kimura , and Keizo Nagasaki 21 Biology of Parasitic Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates: Parasitoids of Diatoms ............................................................................ 519 Michael Schweikert Part III Interactions Between Marine Protists and Humans 22 Fish and Shellfish Diseases Caused by Marine Protists ...................... 533 Hiroshi Yokoyama , N aoki Itoh , and Kazuo Ogawa Contents ix 23 Taxonomy and Distribution of the Unarmored Dinoflagellates Cochlodinium polykrikoides and C. fulvescens ...................................... 551 Mitsunori Iwataki , Haruyoshi Takayama , Kazuya Takahashi , and Kazumi Matsuoka 24 Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP)–Producing Dinoflagellate and PSP-Infested Organisms ................................................................. 567 Manabu Asakawa , Gloria Gomez-Delan , Mercy Barte- Quilantang , and Katsutoshi Ito 25 Interactions Between Harmful Algae and Algicidal and Growth-Inhibiting Bacteria Associated with Seaweeds and Seagrasses ............................................................... 597 Ichiro Imai 26 Relationships Between Aquatic Protists and Humans ......................... 621 Susumu Ohtsuka , Toshinobu Suzaki , Noritoshi Suzuki , Takeo Horiguchi , and Kengo Suzuki Index ................................................................................................................. 639
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