Marine Propellers and Propulsion

518 Pages·2012·24.56 MB·English

by  Carlton

Marine Propellers and
Propulsion
Third Edition
J S Carlton FREng
Professor of Marine Engineering, City University London
President of the Institute of Marine Engineering,
Science and Technology 2010/11
AMSTERDAMlBOSTONlHEIDELBERGlLONDONlNEWYORKlOXFORD
PARISlSANDIEGOlSANFRANCISCOlSINGAPORElSYDNEYlTOKYO
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Preface
Preface to the Third Edition
Sincethesecondeditionwaspublishedin2007anumberof Aswithpreviouseditionsthanksareonceagaindueto
importantchangeshaveandaretakingplacewhichrelateto many colleagues around the world who have made very
shippropulsion.Amongthesearethedevelopmentsarising valuable suggestions and comments as well as providing
fromtheIMO’sinitiativesontheEnergyEfficiencyDesign me with further material for inclusion from their own
Index and the bringing to fruition of their earlier work on librariesandarchives.AsinpreviousyearsIwouldliketo
hullcoatingsstemmingfromtheirresolutiononthesubject particularly acknowledge Mr P.A. Fitzsimmons, Mr J. Th.
in 2001. In addition to these legislative initiatives is Ligtelijn,DrD.RadosavljevicandProf.DrT.vanTerwisga
a greater understanding of the physics associated with who have continued in their support as well as particular
cavitation development and collapse and its subsequent contributionsforthisadditionfromMrT.Veitkomeno,Mr
erosiveeffects on propeller materials. Morover,some new J. Gonzalez-Adalid, Mr P. van Terwisga and Dr S. Whit-
types of propulsor are being developed while in other worth. Finally, thanks are again due to Jane, my wife, for
technicalfieldsthereisagreaterawareness,forexample,of herencouragement,supportandproof-readingactivitiesin
the effects of shipping activity on the behavior of marine undertaking thisnewedition of the book.
mammals.Itistheintentionofthisthirdeditiontocapture
these and other developments that have occurred. In addi- J.S. Carlton
tion a certain amount of rearrangement of the subject Battle, East Sussex
matter has also taken place. July 2012
xi
Preface
Preface to the Second Edition
It is now rather over a decade since much of the material addition. Furthermore, experience in using the book over
was written for the first edition of this book. During that the last 10 years or so has shown that the arrangement of
time advances have been made in the understanding of someofthematerialcouldbeimproved.Asaconsequence
several branches of the subject and it is now time to it will be seen that a certain amount of re-grouping of the
incorporate much of that material into the text. These subject matter has taken place in the hope that this will
advances in understanding, together with the natural makethe texteasier touse.
progression of the subject, relate particularly to cavitation Finally, thanks are once again due to many colleagues
dynamics, theoretical methods including the growing aroundtheworldwhohavemadeveryvaluablesuggestions
development of computational fluid dynamics in many and comments as well as providing mewith further mate-
parts of the subject and the use of carbon fiber materials rial for inclusion from their own libraries and archives.
for certain propeller types. Moreover, podded propulsors Furthermore, the normal day-to-day discussions that are
have emerged in the intervening years since the first held on various aspects of the subject frequently trigger
edition was written and have become a propulsion option thoughtprocesseswhichhavefoundtheirwayintovarious
for certain types of ship, particularly cruise ships and ice parts of the narrative. In particular, my thanks are due to
breakers but with a potential to embrace other ship types MrsW.Ball,MrP.A.Fitzsimmons,MrM.Johansen,MrJ.
in the future. Th. Ligtelijn, Dr D. Radosavljevic, Prof. Dr T. van Ter-
Someotheraspectsofthesubjectwerenotincludedin wisga and Mr J. Wiltshire. Thanks are also due to Dr P.
theoriginalpublicationforanumberofreasons.Inthisnew Helmore who, having read the book some 10 years ago,
editionIhaveattemptedtorectifysomeoftheseomissions kindly supplied me with a list of errata for this edition.
by the inclusion of material on high-speed propellers, Finally, thanks are also due to Jane, my wife, for her
propellererudder interaction as well as a new chapter encouragementandsupportinundertaking thisrevisionto
dealing with azimuthing and podded propulsors and the bookin arelativelyshort-time frame.
a substantial revision to the chapter on cavitation. These
additions,togetherwithareasonablyextensiveupdatingof J.S. Carlton
thematerialandtheremovaloftheinevitabletypographical Hythe, Kent
errors, in the first edition form the basis of this new December 2006
xiii
Preface
Preface to the First Edition
Althoughthepropellernormallylieswellsubmergedoutof analysis; current research issues are addressed in a less
sight and therefore, to some extent, also out of mind, it is extensive manner. For example, recent developments in
a deceptively complex component in both the hydrody- surface panel techniques and NaviereStokes solutions are
namic and the structural sense. The subject of propulsion dealtwithinlessdetailthanthecurrentlymorewidelyused
technologyembracesmanydisciplines:forexample,those lifting line, lifting surface and vortex lattice techniques of
ofmathematics,physics,metallurgy,navalarchitectureand propeller analysis. As a consequence knowledge of math-
mechanical and marine engineering. Clearly, the depen- ematics, fluid mechanics and engineering science is
denceofthesubjectonsuchawidesetofbasicdisciplines assumed commensurate with these premises. Notwith-
introduces the possibility of conflicting requirements standing this, it is to be hoped that students at both
within the design process, necessitating some degree of undergraduate and post-graduate levels will find the book
compromise between opposing constraints. It is the of value totheir studies.
attainment ofthiscompromisethattypifies goodpropeller The first two chapters of the book are essentially an
design. introductiontothesubject:first,abriefhistoryoftheearly
The foundations of the subject were laid during the development of propellers and, second, an introduction to
latter part of the last century and the early years of this the different propeller types that are either of topical
century. Since that time much has been written and pub- interest or, alternatively, will not be considered further in
lished in the form of technical papers, but the number of the book; for example, paddle wheels or superconducting
bookswhichattempttodrawtogetheralloftheseworkson electricpropulsion.Chapter3considerspropellergeometry
thesubjectfromaroundtheworldissmall.Abriefstudyof and,consequently,thischaptercanbeviewedasafounda-
the bibliography shows that, with the exception of Gerr’s tion upon which the rest of the book is built. Without
recentbookdealingwiththepracticalaspectsofthedesign a thorough knowledge of propeller geometry, the subject
of small craft propellers, little has been published dealing will not be fully understood. Chapters 4 and 5 concern
withthesubjectasanentitysincetheearly1960s.Overthe themselves with the environment in which the propeller
last 30 or so years an immense amount of work, both operatesandthewakefieldinparticular.Thewakefieldand
theoretical and empirical, has been undertaken and pub- its various methods of prediction and transformation,
lished, probably more than in any preceding period. The particularly from nominal to effective, are again funda-
principal aim, therefore, of this book isto collect together mental to the understanding of the design and analysis of
thework that has been done in the field of propeller tech- propellers.
nology up to the present time in each of the areas of Chapters 6e15 deal with propulsion hydrodynamics,
hydrodynamics,strength,manufactureanddesign,soasto firstinthecontextofmodelresultsandtheoreticalmethods
presentanoverallviewofthesubjectandthecurrentlevels relatingtopropellersfixedtolineshafting,thenmovingon
ofknowledge. to ship resistance and propulsion, including the important
Thebook ismainly directed towards practising marine subjects of propellerehull interaction and thrust augmen-
engineers and naval architects, principally within the tation devices, and finally to consideration of the specific
marine industry butalso in academic and research institu- aspectsoffixedandrotablethrustersandwaterjets.Chapter
tions. In particular when writing this book I have kept in 17addressestheall-importantsubjectofseatrialsinterms
mindtherangeofquestionsaboutpropellertechnologythat oftheconditionsnecessaryforavalidtrial,instrumentation
are frequently posed by designers, ship operators and and analysis.
surveyorsandIhaveattemptedtoprovideanswerstothese Chapters 18e20 deal with the mechanical aspects of
questions.Furthermore,thebookisbasedonthecurrently propellers. Materials, manufacture, blade strength and
acceptedbodyofknowledgeofusetopracticaldesignand vibration are the principal subjects of these four chapters,
xv
xvi Preface
andthetechniquesdiscussedaregenerallyapplicabletoall considerably indebted to my colleagues, both within
typesofpropulsors.Thefinalfivechapters,21e25,discuss Lloyd’s Register and in the marine industry, for many
various practical aspects of propeller technology, starting discussions on various aspects of the subject over the
with design, then continuing to operational problems, years, all of which have helped to provide a greater
service performance and, finally, to propeller inspection, insight into, and understanding of, the subject. Particu-
repair and maintenance. larly,inthisrespect,thanksaregiventoMrC.M.R.Wills,
In each of the chapters of the book the attainment of Mr P.A. Fitzsimmons and Mr D.J. Howarth who, as
a fair balance between theoretical and practical consider- specialists in particular branches of the subject, have also
ations has been attempted, so that the information pre- read several of the chapters and made many useful
sentedwillbeofvaluetothepractitionerinmarinescience. comments concerning their content. I would also like to
For more advanced studies, particularly of a theoretical thank Mr A.W.O. Webb who, as a specialist in propeller
nature, the data presented here will act as a starting point materials technology and colleague, has given much
for further research: in the case of the theoretical hydro- helpful advice over the years in solving propeller prob-
dynamic aspects of the subjects, some of the references lems and this together with his many technical papers has
containedinthebibliographywillbefoundtobeofvalue. influencedmuchofthetextofChapters17and25.Also,I
This book, representing as it does a gathering together am particularly grateful to Mr J.Th. Ligtelijn of MARIN
of the subject of propulsion technology, is based upon the and to Dr G. Patience of Stone Manganese Marine Ltd,
research of many scientists and engineers throughout the who have supplied me with several photographs for
world. Indeed, it must be remembered that without these inclusion in the text and with whom many stimulating
people, many of whom have devoted considerable discussions on the subject have been had over the years.
portions of their lives to the development of the subject, Thanks are also due to the many kind ladies who have so
this book could not have been written and, indeed, the painstakingly typed the text of this book over the years
subject of propeller technology could not have developed and without whom the book would not have been
sofar.IhopethatIhavedonejusticetotheireffortsinthis produced.
book. At the end of each chapter a series of references is
given so that, if necessary, the reader may refer to the J.S. Carlton
original work, which will contain full details of the London
specific research topic under consideration. I am also May 1993
General Nomenclature
Unlessotherwisestatedinthetextthefollowinggeneral
nomenclatureapply.
D Diameterofslipstream far upstream
o
Uppercase
D Shaft diameter
s
A Cross-sectional area
F Force
A Admiralty coefficient
C
Fetch ofthe sea
A Developed area
D
F Bollard pull
B
A Expanded area
E
F Froude number
n
A Mid-ship section area
M
G Boundary layer uniqueshape function
A Disc area
O
Non-dimensional circulation coefficient
A Projectedarea
P
H Hydraulic head
AR Aspect ratio
H Pump head
p
B Moulded breadthofship
I Dry inertia
B Propellerpower coefficient
P
I Polar entrained inertia
e
BAR Blade area ratio
IVR Inlet velocityratio
C Correlation factor
A
J Advance coefficient
Section area coefficient
J Shippolarmoment ofinertia
p
C Shipblock coefficient
b
K Prandtl or Goldsteinfactor
C Drag coefficient
D
K Knapp’ssimilarity parameter
n
C Frictional resistance coefficient
F
K Pressure coefficient
p
C Lift coefficient
L
K Propellertorque coefficient
Q
C Moment coefficient
M
K Spindle torque coefficient
QS
Section modulus coefficient
K Thrust coefficient
T
C Pressure coefficient
P
K ,K Duct thrust coefficient
TN TD
Shipprismatic coefficient
K Propellerthrust coefficient
TP
Propellerpower coefficient
K Side force coefficient
Y
C Thrust loading coefficient
T
L Length of ship orduct
Total resistance coefficient
Liftforce
C Wave-making resistancecoefficient
W
Section centrifugal bending moment arm
D Drag force
L Sound pressure level
P
Propellerdiameter
L Length of ship between perpendiculars
PP
D Behind diameter
b
xvii
xviii GeneralNomenclature
L Length ofrun T Temperature
R
L Length ofship alongwaterline Draught of ship
WL
M Moment offorce Propulsorthrust
M Mach number T Draught aft
a A
N Rotationalspeed (RPM) T Draught forward
F
Number ofcycles T ,T Duct thrust
N D
Number offatigue cycles T Propellerthrust
p
N Specificspeed U Propellertip speed
S T
P Propellerpitch V Volumevelocity
P Brake power V Speed ofadvance
B a
P Deliveredpower V Ship speed
D s
P Effectivepower X Distance along co-ordinate axis
E
P Generator power Y Distance along co-ordinate axis
G
P Shaft power W Resultantvelocity
S
Q Flow quantity Width of channel
Propellertorque W Weber number
e
QPC Quasi-propulsivecoefficient Z Blade number
Q Totalspindle torque Distance along co-ordinate axis
S
Q Centrifugal spindle torque Z Section modulus
SC m
Q Frictional spindle torque
SF Lowercase
Q Hydrodynamicspindle torque
SH a Propelleraxial inflowfactor
R Radius ofpropeller, paddlewheel or
a Propellertangential inflowfactor
1
bubble
a Crack length
c
Specificgasconstant
a Resistance augmentation factor
r
R Air resistanceof ship
AIR
b Span ofwing
R Appendage resistance
APP
c Wake contraction factor
R Real part
e
Section chord length
R Frictional resistance
F
c Section drag coefficient
d
R Reynoldsnumber
n
c Section lift coefficient
l
R Totalresistance
T
c Ideal section lift coefficient
li
R Viscous resistance
V
c Section moment coefficient
m
R Wave-making resistance
W
c Limiting chord length
max
S Surfacetension
f Frequency
Ship wetted surface area
Functionof.. .
S Additional load scale factor
A
g Acceleration due togravity
S Apparent slip
a
Functionof.. .
SBF Solid boundary factor
h Fluid enthalpy
S Camberscale factor
C
Height
GeneralNomenclature xix
Hydraulic head t Time
h Height of bulbous bow centroid from Thrust deductionfactor
b
base line intransverseplane Section thickness
i Counter t Thickness fraction
F
i Section generatorline rake t Maximumthickness
G max
i Propellerrake t Notional blade thickness at shaft
P o
center line
i Section skew-induced rake
S
u Local velocity
i Total rake of propeller section
T
v Local velocity
j Counter
v Axial velocity
k Counter a
v Radial velocity
k Lifting surface camber correction factor r
c
V Tangential velocity
k Mean apparent amplitude ofsurface t
s
roughness v Tide speed
T
k Lifting surface thicknesscorrection w Downwash velocity
t
factor Mean wakefraction
k Lifting surface ideal angleof attack w Froudewake fraction
x F
correction
w Maximumvalue of wake fraction in
factor max
propeller disc
(1+ k) Frictional form factor
w Nominal wake fraction
n
l Counter
w Potential wake fraction
p
Length
w Taylorwake fraction
T
lcb Longitudinal center ofbuoyancy
w Viscous wake fraction
v
m Mass counter
w Wave-induced wake fraction
w
m_ Specificmass flow
x Distance along aco-ordinate axis
n Rotational speed (rps) Non-dimensional radius (r/R)
p Section pitch x Distance along chord
c
Pressure Radial position ofcentroid
p Cavityvariation-induced pressure x Centre ofpressure measuredalong chord
c cp
p Propeller-induced pressure x Reference section
H o
p Reference pressure y Distance along co-ordinate axis
o
Non-cavitating pressure y Camber ordinate
c
Pitch ofreference section y Section lower surface ordinate
L
p Hull-induced vibratorypressure y Thickness ordinate
v t
Vapor pressure y Section upper surface ordinate
U
p1 Apparent-inducedpressure z Distance along co-ordinate axis
q Dynamic flowpressure Suffixes
r Radius of apropeller section m Model
rh Hub or bossradius s Ship
s Lengthparameter U Upper