Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting PDF
Preview Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting
Springer Atmospheric Sciences Darko Koračin Clive E. Dorman Editors Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting Springer Atmospheric Sciences More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10176 Darko Koracˇin • Clive E. Dorman Editors Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting Editors DarkoKoracˇin CliveE.Dorman FacultyofScience IntegrativeOceanographyDivision DepartmentofPhysics ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography UniversityofSplit UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego Split,Croatia LaJolla,CA,USA DepartmentofAtmosphericSciences DepartmentofGeologicalSciences DesertResearchInstitute SanDiegoStateUniversity Reno,NV,USA SanDiego,CA,USA ISSN2194-5217 ISSN2194-5225 (electronic) SpringerAtmosphericSciences ISBN978-3-319-45227-2 ISBN978-3-319-45229-6 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-45229-6 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016958809 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 DarkoKoracˇinandCliveE.Dorman 2 WorldwideMarineFogOccurrenceandClimatology. . . . . . . . .. . 7 CliveE.Dorman,JohnMejia,DarkoKoracˇin,andDanielMcEvoy 3 EarlyandRecentObservationalTechniquesforFog. . . . . . . . . . . 153 CliveE.Dorman 4 TurbulenceinMarineFog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 ChangKiKimandSeongSooYum 5 RadiationinMarineFog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 ChangKiKimandSeongSooYum 6 SynopticProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 SupingZhangandJohnM.Lewis 7 MarineFog:AReviewonMicrophysics andVisibilityPrediction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 IsmailGultepe,JasonA.Milbrandt,andBinbinZhou 8 PrecipitationandFog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 RobertTardif 9 ModelingandForecastingMarineFog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 DarkoKoracˇin v vi Contents 10 EnsembleFogPrediction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 JunDuandBinbinZhou 11 Multi-spectralRemoteSensingofSeaFog withSimultaneousPassiveInfraredandMicrowaveSensors. . . . . 511 EricM.Wilcox Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 Contributors Clive E. Dorman Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,LaJolla,CA,USA Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA JunDu NOAA/NCEP/EnvironmentalModelingCenter,CollegePark,MD,USA Ismail Gultepe Cloud Physics and Severe Weather Research, Environment and ClimateChangeCanada,Toronto,ON,Canada Chang KiKim New andRenewableEnergyResource Center, KoreaInstituteof EnergyResearch,Daejeon,SouthKorea Darko Koracˇin Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Split, Split,Croatia DepartmentofAtmosphericSciences,DesertResearchInstitute,Reno,NV,USA JohnM.Lewis NationalSevereStormsLaboratory,Norman,OK,USA DesertResearchInstitute,Reno,NV,USA Daniel McEvoy Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute, Reno,NV,USA John Mejia Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno,NV,USA Jason A. Milbrandt Atmospheric Numerical Weather Prediction Research, EnvironmentandClimateChangeCanada,Dorval,QC,Canada Robert Tardif Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle,WA,USA vii viii Contributors Eric M. Wilcox Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno,NV,USA SeongSooYum DepartmentofAtmosphericSciences,YonseiUniversity,Seoul, SouthKorea Suping Zhang Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography &Ocean-Atmosphere InteractionandClimateLaboratory,OceanUniversityofChina,Qingdao,China Binbin Zhou I. M. Systems Group and NOAA/NCEP/Environmental Modeling Center,CollegePark,MD,USA Chapter 1 Introduction DarkoKoracˇinandCliveE.Dorman Abstract Marine fog has a significant impact on human activities and the envi- ronment. A substantial portions of all accidents at sea worldwide occur in the presence of dense fog. Fog’s disruption of marine transport, harbor activities, coastalroadtraffic,andlifethreateningsituationsareofteninthenews.Fogtrans- portsdropletsandtheirions,aerosols,andmicroorganismsthatalterthehydrologic, thermodynamic, nutrient, and toxicological properties of ecosystems in coastal regions. Fog also controls temperature and moisture conditions in coastal areas and consequently affects vegetation and especially forest evolution. Some of the highest degradations of air quality occur during fog under stable and stagnant anticyclonic conditions. In principle, fog forecast models should resolve a huge spanofphysicalprocessesrangingfromthecharacteristic10(cid:1)7mscalesofaerosols tosynopticprocesseswithscalesof106m,whichmeanstherangeofthesmallestto the largest scales is on an order of 1013 m. The main variables and processes relevant to fog include aerosols and fog condensation nuclei; microphysics and precipitation; advection; synoptic conditions; air-sea interaction through surface fluxes ofheat, latent heat, moisture, andmomentum; airand sea surface tempera- ture; ocean currents and upwelling; land-sea interactions and local circulations; characteristics of low marine inversion and entrainment; and coastal topography. Themaingoalofthisbookistoprovidecomprehensiveunderstandingofthemajor processesleadingtoformation,evolution,anddissipationoffogbyusingobserva- tions,modeling,andforecasting.Discussedtopicsincludefogobservationalinsitu D.Koracˇin(*) FacultyofScience,DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofSplit,RuđeraBosˇkovic´a33, 21000Split,Croatia DepartmentofAtmosphericSciences,DesertResearchInstitute,2215RaggioParkway, Reno,NV89512,USA e-mail:[email protected];[email protected] C.E.Dorman IntegrativeOceanographyDivision,ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography,Universityof California,SanDiego,9500GilmanDrive#0209,LaJolla,CA92093-0209,USA DepartmentofGeologicalSciences,SanDiegoStateUniversity,5500CampanileDrive, SanDiego,CA92182-1020,USA e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 1 D.Koracˇin,C.E.Dorman(eds.),MarineFog:ChallengesandAdvancements inObservations,Modeling,andForecasting,SpringerAtmosphericSciences, DOI10.1007/978-3-319-45229-6_1 2 D.KoracˇinandC.E.Dorman and remote sensing techniques, worldwide fog climatology, radiation and turbu- lence properties, microphysics and visibility parameterizations, effects of precipi- tationonfog,anddeterministicandprobabilisticfogmodelingandforecasting. Ingeneral,fogisaphenomenonthatweallexperienceinourlivesandimpactsour activitiesandtheenvironment.Whenwewishtodiscussmarinefog,thefirststepis toreviewthedefinitionoffog.WecanstartwiththedefinitionfromtheGlossaryof the American Meteorological Society (http://glossary.ametsoc.org): “Fog is a hydrometeorconsistingofavisibleaggregateofminutewaterdropletssuspended in the atmosphere near the earth’s surface. According to international definitions, fogreducesvisibilitybelow1km(0.62miles).Fogdiffersfromcloudonlyinthat the base of fog is at the earth’s surface while cloud bases are above the surface.” AccordingtotheGlossary,themainmechanismforfogformationis:“Fogsofall types originate when the temperature and dew point of the air become identical (ornearlyso),providedthatsufficientcondensationnucleiareavailable.Thismay occur either through cooling of the air to its dew point (producing advection fog, radiationfog,orupslopefog),orbyaddingmoistureandtherebyelevatingthedew point(producingsteamfogorfrontalfog).Fogseldomformswhenthedew-point spreadisgreaterthan4(cid:3)F.”TheGlossaryalsoexplainsfogsubsetsanddifferences amongfog,hazeandmist.“AccordingtoU.S.weatherobservingpractice,fogthat hideslessthan0.6oftheskyiscalledgroundfog.Iffogissoshallowthatitisnotan obstructiontovisionataheightof6ftabovethesurface,itiscalledsimplyshallow fog. Fog is easily distinguished from haze by its higher relative humidity (near 100%, having physiologically appreciable dampness) and gray color. Haze does not contain activated droplets larger than the critical size according to the K€ohler theory.Mistmaybeconsideredanintermediatebetweenfogandhaze;itsparticles are smaller (a few μm maximum) in size, it has lower relative humidity than fog, anddoesnotobstructvisibilitytothesameextent.” Whileconsideringthemanybooksonbookstoreshelvesandinformationavail- ablethroughoutthemedia,areadermightaskanappropriatequestion:Whyabook onmarinefog?Also,moreprecisely,whyfocusonmarinefog?Theoceanscover 71% of the earth’s surface and contain 97% of the water on the earth’s surface; however,duetoabundantmeasurementsoverthelandcomparedtoovertheocean, land fog is much more investigated than to sea fog. Additionally, it should be noticedthatmostlargeworldcitiesarelocatedincoastalregions.Duetoalackof routine measurements at fixed locations over vast portionsof theocean, measure- ments and predictions of sea fog represent a great challenge for research and application studies. Because of the air-sea-land interaction processes, sea fog can beadvectedtolandandappearascoastallandfogandviceversa.Anindirecteffect canalsooccurwhenaerosolsoriginatingfromthelandaretransportedoverthesea andinitiateseafog.Evensimpleadvectionofthemoistureduringseabreezesand onshoreflowscanprovideenoughmoisturefornighttimeradiativecoolingandfog formation over land. Consequently, fogs over the coastal sea and land can be mutuallyconnectedandwecallthisjointphenomenonmarinefog.
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