Mapping Memory in Translation PDF
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Mapping Memory in Translation This page intentionally left blank Mapping Memory in Translation Siobhan Brownlie TheUniversityofManchester,UK MAPPINGMEMORYINTRANSLATION ©SiobhanBrownlie2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-40894-5 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission.Noportionofthis publicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmittedsavewithwritten permission.InaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheCopyright,Designs andPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicencepermittinglimited copyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,SaffronHouse, 6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Firstpublished2016by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Theauthorhasassertedherrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills, Basingstoke,Hampshire,RG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofNatureAmerica,Inc.,One NewYorkPlaza,Suite4500,NewYork,NY10004-1562. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. ISBN:978-1-349-68133-4 E-PDFISBN:978–1–137–40895–2 DOI:10.1057/9781137408952 DistributionintheUK,EuropeandtherestoftheworldisbyPalgrave Macmillan®,adivisionofMacmillanPublishersLimited,registeredin England,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Brownlie,Siobhan,author. Title:Mappingmemoryintranslation/SiobhanBrownlie. Description:Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire;NewYork:Palgrave Macmillan,2016. | Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2015035442 Subjects:LCSH:Translatingandinterpreting—Theory,etc. | Memory. | Collectivememory. | Memoryinliterature. | Multilingualism. | Languageandculture. | Languageandlanguages. Classification:LCCP306.2.B762016 | DDC418/.02—dc23 LCrecordavailableathttp://lccn.loc.gov/2015035442 AcataloguerecordforthebookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Contents ListofFiguresandTables vi Acknowledgements vii Preface–Casestudy:TwoversionsoftheTreatyofWaitangi viii 1 TranslationandMemory 1 2 PersonalMemory 19 Casestudy:TranslatingKatherineMansfield’sautobiographical shortstories 3 GroupMemoryandElectronicMemory 47 Casestudy1:Proz.commersandelectronictools Casestudy2:Thecommunityoffeministtranslators 4 TextualMemory 75 Casestudy1:RetranslationofZola’sNana Casestudy2:Anetworkofgreathistoricaldocuments 5 NationalandTransnationalMemory 106 Casestudy:ThetranslationofSirWalterScott 6 Traditions 126 Casestudy:CEDAW(ConventionfortheEliminationofAll FormsofDiscriminationAgainstWomen)andSaudiArabia 7 InstitutionalMemory 151 Casestudy:EnglishandFrenchtranslatorsattheDGT (DirectorateGeneralforTranslationoftheEuropean Commission) 8 CosmopolitanConnectiveMemory 182 Casestudy:‘DoYouHearthePeopleSing?’fromLesMisérables FinalWords 207 Notes 210 References 213 Index 226 v Figures and Tables Figures 1 Bilingualsupermarketsign,Kaitaia,NorthNewZealand, January2014(photobyauthor) xiii 4.1 TheDeclarationofArbroathof6April1320showingits materialappearance(withpermissionofNationalRecords ofScotland) 101 5.1 PubIvanhoé,Honfleur,France(withpermissionof O.Lelaidier) 118 8.1 Useofthesongtitleasasloganandbanner.HongKong protestsfordemocracy,2014(withpermissionof EuropeanPressphotoAgency) 189 Tables 6.1 CEDAWperiodicreviewdocumentsstudied 135 vi Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following individuals and institutions for theircontributionandsupportinmywritingofthismonograph:Eman Almutairi, Manal Alzahrani, Ying-Fang Hsu, Olivier Lelaidier, Olivia Middleton,FrançoisePellan,Cheng-IanShyu,UrsulaTidd,Huan-Chun Wu, an anonymous reader for Palgrave Macmillan, the English and French Departments of the Directorate General for Translation at the European Commission, the School of Arts, Languages and Cultures at theUniversityofManchester,UK,andthePalgraveproductionteam. vii Preface TwoVersionsoftheTreatyofWaitangi Growing up in New Zealand in the 1970s, I was very aware of the marches and occupations undertaken by the indigenous people, the Maori, to protest against loss of their land since colonial times. It was only much later that I learnt that the story of the Maori and their landwasfundamentallyanarrativeoftranslationandmemory.Iteven seemsthatmybackgroundinvariouswayshaschannelledmyinterest in the intersection of translation with memory. Before introducingthe monographmoreformally,letmefirstgivethereaderaglimpseofthe fascinating story of the Treaty of Waitangi, which has shaped the his- tory of New Zealand to this day. This story will serve to highlight how thetranslation/memorynexuscanbeimportantandthereforeisworth studying. The foundational document of modern New Zealand, the Treaty of Waitangi, is the document by which the British Crown obtained sovereignty of the country, making New Zealand into a British colony. TheMaorichiefssignedthetreatyatagreatgatheringatWaitangiinthe NorthIslandinFebruary1840.BecausetheMaoriwerenotproficientin English, the treaty had to be translated into the Maori language. The Maori version Te Tiriti o Waitangi was produced by Reverend Williams and his son just the night before the meeting with the Maori chiefs. Hereweencounterthetranslationissues. In the Maori translation there are in fact some crucial differences in meaningcomparedwiththeEnglishversion.Whiletangentiallyrelated, the two texts are quite different in meaning. Here are the two most significantdifferencesforposterity: Article1 English version: the Maori leaders are to give the British Queen Victoria‘alltherightsandpowersofsovereignty’overtheland. Maoriversion:Maorileadersaretogivethequeen‘tekawanatanga katoa’–thecompletegovernmentovertheland. viii Preface ix Article2 English version: Maori people are guaranteed ‘exclusive and undis- turbedpossessionoftheirlands,estates,forests,fisheries,andother properties’. Maori version: Maori are guaranteed ‘te tino rangatiratanga’ – the unqualified exercise of their chieftainship over their lands, villages andalltheirtreasures.(Orange2013,38,myemphasis) ‘Kawanatanga’wasaneologismatthetime,relatedto‘governor’,suchas theBritishgovernorofNewSouthWalesinAustralia,orPontiusPilate, Roman governor in the Bible. ‘Rangatiratanga’ was a term of Maori derivation, relating to chiefly power; it was also used in Maori biblical texts to refer to God’s ‘kingdom’. The word had been used in the 1835 Declaration of Independence to refer to New Zealand’s ‘independence’ (Orange 1997). Orange (1997, 41) concludes that based on the Maori text: ‘Maori might well have assumed that their sovereign rights were actuallybeingconfirmedinreturnforalimitedconcessionofpowerin kawanatanga[governorship]’. Certainlythereisafundamentalquestionofculturaldifferencehere, inthattwoverydifferentworldviewsarebroughtintocontact.Thetra- ditionalMaoriviewoflandwasthatitcouldneverbealienatedfromthe peoplewhowerebornthere,thuspermanentsovereigntyorownership byanotherpeoplewasanimpossibility: A tribe had authority over a given area, but the land belonged to the past, present, and future generations. It was not an alienable commodity. People were part of the land; they could not own it. (Fenton&Moon2002,35) For many Maori, understanding of the treaty text would have been coloured by this conception. The English treaty text uses British terms andconcepts(sovereignty,ownershipofland),whichintheMaoritext are substituted by very different Maori terms/concepts (kawanatanga – governorship; rangatiratanga – chiefly authority over land). So one couldsaythata‘culturaltranslation’thataimstoexplaintheEuropean concepts to the Maori has certainly not been undertaken in the text. Theadditionalquestioniswhethermanipulationenteredintothetrans- lationprocess.IfamorepowerfulMaoriexpressionincludingtheterm ‘mana’, connoting supreme authority and spiritual chiefly power, had beenusedtoexpresswhatwasbeingtransferredtotheBritishmonarch,
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