Table Of ContentMANUAL OF GEOSPATIAL
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Second Edition
MANUAL OF GEOSPATIAL
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Second Edition
Edited by
JOHN D. BOSSLER
Associate Editors
JAMES B. CAMPBELL
ROBERT B. McMASTER
CHRIS RIZOS
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................xi
Editors ....................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors .............................................................................................................xv
PART I Prerequisites
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geospatial Science and Technology ......................3
John D. Bossler
Chapter 2 Coordinates and Coordinate Systems ..................................................9
John D. Bossler
Chapter 3 Datums and Geospatial Reference Systems .......................................17
John D. Bossler and Richard Snay
Chapter 4 Coordinate Transformations ...............................................................31
Ayman Fawzy Habib
Chapter 5 Basic Electromagnetic Radiation .......................................................55
Carolyn J. Merry
Chapter 6 Data Analysis .....................................................................................71
Charles D. Ghilani
PART II Global Positioning System
Chapter 7 Introducing the Global Positioning System ........................................95
Chris Rizos
Chapter 8 Fundamentals of GPS Signals and Data ..........................................115
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin
v
vi Contents
Chapter 9 GPS Positioning Models for Single Point and Baseline Solutions ...135
Chris Rizos and Dorota A. Grejner-Brzezinska
Chapter 10 GPS Instrumentation Issues .............................................................151
Dorota A. Grejner-Brzezinska
Chapter 11 Making Sense of GNSS Techniques ................................................173
Chris Rizos
Chapter 12 GPS Projects: Some Planning Issues ...............................................191
Chris Rizos, Dru Smith, Stephen Hilla,
Joe Evjen, and William (Bill) Henning
Chapter 13 Carrying Out a GPS Surveying/Mapping Task ...............................217
Chris Rizos, Dru Smith, Stephen Hilla,
Joe Evjen, and William (Bill) Henning
Chapter 14 Servicing the GPS/GNSS User .........................................................235
Gérard Lachapelle, Pierre Héroux, and Sam Ryan
Chapter 15 GPS, GNSS, and the Future .............................................................259
Chris Rizos
PART III Remote Sensing
Chapter 16 Photogrammetry for Remote Sensing ..............................................285
Rongxing (Ron) Li and Chun Liu
Chapter 17 Remote-Sensing Analysis: From Project Design
to Implementation.............................................................................301
Timothy A. Warner
Chapter 18 Remote-Sensing Systems for Operational and Research Use ..........319
Jan A. N. van Aardt, Melanie Lück-Vogel,
Wolfgang Lück, and John D. Althausen
Contents vii
Chapter 19 Information Extraction from Remotely Sensed Data .......................363
James B. Campbell
Chapter 20 Image Processing Software for Remote Sensing .............................391
Matthew Voss, Ramanathan Sugumaran,
and Dmitry Ershov
Chapter 21 How to Assess the Accuracy of Maps Generated
from Remotely Sensed Data .............................................................403
Russell G. Congalton
Chapter 22 Emerging Markets for Satellite and Aerial Imagery ........................423
Joel Campbell, Travis E. Hardy, and Robert Chris Barnard
Chapter 23 Airborne LIDAR Mapping...............................................................439
Ayman Fawzy Habib
Chapter 24 Selected Scientifi c Analyses and Practical Applications
of Remote Sensing: Examples from the Coast .................................467
Thomas R. Allen and Yong Wang
Chapter 25 Remote Sensing—A Look to the Future ..........................................487
James B. Campbell and Vincent V. Salomonson
PART IV Geographic Information Systems
Chapter 26 Geographic Information Systems and Science ................................513
Robert B. McMaster and Steven M. Manson
Chapter 27 GIS Fundamentals ............................................................................525
David Bennett and Marc Armstrong
Chapter 28 Geographic Data Structures .............................................................549
May Yuan
Chapter 29 Spatial Analysis and Modeling ........................................................575
Michael F. Goodchild
viii Contents
Chapter 30 Spatial Data Quality .........................................................................593
Joel Morrison and Howard Veregin
Chapter 31 Cartography and Visualization ........................................................611
Robert B. McMaster and Ian Muehlenhaus
Chapter 32 Carrying Out a GIS Project ..............................................................633
Rebecca Somers
Chapter 33 Geographic Information Science and Society ..................................653
Robert B. McMaster and Francis Harvey
PART V Applications
Chapter 34 Biophysical and Human-Social Applications ...................................669
Debarchana Ghosh and Robert B. McMaster
Chapter 35 Local Government Applications: Toward E-Governance ................689
Zorica Nedovic´-Budic´
Chapter 36 Geographic Information Technology in State
Governments of the United States ....................................................713
David Mockert
Chapter 37 National, International, and Global Activities in Geospatial
Science: Toward a Global Spatial Data Infrastructure .....................733
John J. Moeller and Mark E. Reichardt
Chapter 38 Private Sector Applications ..............................................................761
John C. Antenucci, Robin Antenucci, and J. Woodson Smith
Chapter 39 Geospatial Solutions for Utility Infrastructure:
A Summary of the Use of GIT in Utilities Today ............................777
Mary Ann Stewart and Kathryn Hail
Index ......................................................................................................................791
Preface
The Manual of Geospatial Science and Technology is written for those who are
involved in setting up a “GIS project,” but who have only limited knowledge when
it comes to completing this task. In order to satisfy this need, the manual is divided
into fi ve parts: Prerequisites, Global positioning system, Remote sensing, Geographic
information systems, and Applications. If the reader is somewhat familiar with these
topics, it is suggested that he or she skip Part I and proceed to the part of the manual
that interests him or her the most. If the reader is unfamiliar with the three main
topics, appropriate chapters in Part I, along with the references provided, are highly
recommended. The integration of these three technologies is best found in Part V.
The editor and the associate editors believe that this edition is a considerable
improvement over the fi rst edition of the manual. Almost every chapter of the
fi rst edition has been edited, revised, or completely rewritten. The index has been
improved and expanded by several hundred words. Each fi gure from the fi rst edition
that has been used here has been reviewed, refi ned, resized, and/or redrawn. Dozens
of new fi gures have been added. Part I, covering the basics, has undergone the least
change, which is understandable because basics are not subject to change. Below is a
discussion of specifi c changes in all the parts of the manual.
Part I: The chapter on computer basics has been dropped. We thought that every user
of the manual would have excellent and easily available material covering this sub-
ject. Moreover, most practitioners in today’s business and engineering circles have
basic knowledge about computers.
The chapter on datums and geodetic reference systems (Chapter 3) was revised
signifi cantly because there have been many changes in the international scientifi c
community regarding the formulation and distribution of these data.
In the other parts of the manual, many chapters refer to statistics and least squares.
Therefore, we decided to add a chapter devoted to basic statistics and least squares
solutions. All of the other chapters in Part I were either edited lightly or were not
edited at all.
Part II: This part has nearly been completely rewritten, but it has the same basic
structure as the previous edition. The rewritten chapters are simply a refl ection of
the rapid changes that have occurred in the technology, applications, and usage
of GPS. With regard to the technology, the use of non-U.S. satellite systems has
expanded rapidly. That is why many of the chapters address the Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS) rather than just the U.S.-based system, GPS. Almost every
chapter is impacted by the inclusion of the Russian Federation system, GLONASS,
the European space agency system, GALELIO, and other such systems. The number
of satellites available to a receiver on earth changes many aspects of satellite posi-
tioning technology, e.g., accuracy, time of positioning, and cost. The second edition
provides state-of-the-art information on this important technology.
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