Mano-M.M.-Computer-System-Architecture

524 Pages·2014·10.89 MB·English

·
M.M orMrainso
.1l
Preface
Thibso okd ealwsi tcho mputaerrc hiteacstw uerlaels c omputoerganizart ion
andd esignC.o mputaerrc hiteicsct ounrcee rnwedi tthh es tructuarnedbe hav­
ioorf t hev ariofuusn ctimoondaull eosft hec omputaenrd h owt heiyn teract
top rovitdheep rocessnienegd osf t heu serC.o mputeorr ganizaist cioonn­
cernedw itthh ew ayt hhea rdwacroem ponenatsrc eo nnecttoegde tthoeform r
a computseyrs teCmo.m putedre siginsc oncern edw itthh ed evelopmoefn t
theh ardwaforret hec omputtaekri nign tcoo nsideraag tiivoesnne of t specifJCa­
tions.
Theb ookp rovidtehseb asikcn owledngecee ssatroyu nderstatnhd e
hardwaorpee ratoifdo ing ictoamlp utearnsd covtehret sh rees ubjeacstss oci­
atewdi tcho mputhearr dwaCrhea.p te1rt sh rou4gp hr esetnhtev a.rioduisg ital
componenutsse di nt heo rganizatainoddn e sigonfd igicotamlp uterCsh.a p­
ter5s t hrou7g shh ow thed etailed steptsh aat d esignmeurs tg ot hrouignh
ordetrod esiagnne lementbaasriycc o mputer. Ch8at phtreoru1sg0 hd e awli th
theo rganizaatinodan r chiteocftt uhrece e ntiaplr ocessiunngi Cth.a pte1r1s
and1 2pr esetnhteo rganizaatnidao rnc hitecture of ainndmp eumtor-yo.u tput
Chapt1er3i n trodutchecoes n cepotfm ultiprocessTihnegp .l aofn thboeok is
top resetnhtes implmeart erfiiraslat n di ntrodtuhcmeeo rea dvancseudb jects
lateThru.s t,h ef irssetv ecnh aptecrosv emra terial needefdor t heb asuincd er­
standionfgc omputoerrg anizadteisoing,an n,d p rogrammionfag s imple
digictoamlp utTehre.l assti cxh apteprrse setnhteo rganizaatinodan r chitec­
turoef t hes eparfautnec tiuonniatsol f t hed igicotmaplu tewri tahn e mphasis
onmore advancteodp ics.
Them aterini atlh teh iredd itisi oonrganized in thesa mem annears tihne
seconedd itianodn m anyo ft hef eaturreemsa itnh es ameT.h et hiredd ition,
howev ero,f fesresv eriamlp rovemeonvtestr h es econedd itiAloln c.h apters
excepttw o( 6an d1 0) bheaevcneo mpletreelvyi setdob rintgh mea teruipat lo
dataen dt oc lartihfyep resentatTwoi onn.e wc haptewrse raed dedc:h apt9e r
onp ipelainndev ectporroc essianngd,c hapt1e3ro nm ultiprocesTswoo rs.
sectiodnesa wli tthh er educiends trucsteictoo nm put(eRISCr ).C hapt5e rhas
beenr evisceodm pletteols yi mplainfyd c lartihfyed esigonft heba sicc om­
puteNre.w p roblehmsa vbeee nf ormulaftoeerdl evofe nt hteh irtecehna pters.
Thep hysiocarlg anizaotifao p na rticular coimnpcultuedirits rn eggi sters,
XV
xvi Preface
the fdlaottwah, me i croopearnadt icoonfnsut,nr cotclia obnne ds e scribed
symbolibcyam lelayno sfa h ardwdaersec rilpatnigouInan tg hebi.os o wke
develsoipm prale eg isterl atnrgauanansgdfe e utrso se p eicvtia fryic ooums­
putoepre raint icaoo nnsc ainspder ecmiasnen Tehrre.e laotfti horene gister
tranlsafnegrut aotg hheea rdwoarrgea nizaantddie osnio gfdni gciotmaplu ters
isf ulelxyp lained.
Thbeo odko es ansostup mreik onro wleodfcg oem puhtaerrd waanrde
thmea teribaelu ncdaerns wtiotohdto hunete eodf prereHqouwiesvietre,s .
someex periine anscsee mbly plraonggruaamwgmieit anhm g i crocomputer
wilmla kteh mea teeraisatiloe u rn dersCthaanpdt.1e t rhsr o3u cgahbn e
skipiptfeh dre e adiesfr a miwliitdahir g iltoagdlie cs ign.
Thfeo lloiwasin gb dreisecfr iopftt hsieuo bnj tehcaatrtsce o veinr eeadc h
chapwtietarhne mphaosnti hsre e vistihwoaentrs e miand tteh hier d edition.
Chapte1ri ntrotdhufecu ensd amkennotwallen degeedf eotdrh dee sign
ofd igistyasltc eomnss trwuictinthde idv igdautaaelns df lip-Ifctlo ovpesr.s
Boolean caolmgbeibnracati,ir ocnauanilsdt e sq,u ecnitricauli ptrso.v iTdheiss
then ecesbsaacrkyg rfoouurnn dd erstatnhdedi inggic tiarlc tuoibe t s
presented.
Chapte2re xplianid nestt ahilelo giocpaelr aotfi otnh ec ommomsotn
standdairgdic toamlp oneIntint csl.u ddeesc odmeurlst,i plreexgeirsst,e rs,
countaenrmdse ,m orTiheesds.ie g ciotmaplo naernuets sea dsb uilding blocks
fotrh e doefsl iagrugnne irt s cihna ptttheheraf sto l low.
Chapte3rs howhso wt hvea ridoautsa typiends i gficotouamnlpd u ters
are reprine bsineanrftyoe rmdi nc ompurteegri sEtmeprhsa.is soi nst he
representnautmiboeenrm sp olfoi ynea dr ithmetic aonpdoe ntr haet ions,
binarcyo dionfsg y mbuoslesid n dpartoac essing.
Chapte4r i ntroadr uecgeiss terl atnrgauanansgdsfe he orwh so wi t is
usetdoe xprmeiscsr oopeinr saytmiboonlsi Scy mfbooarlrmdse.e fifnoerd
arithmetic,s hlimofigtci rco,o paenArdc a otmipoonassri.it teh mesthiicf tl ogic
uniitds eveltoops ehdot wh hea rdwdaerseio gftn h meo scto mmomni cro­
operations.
Chapte5r p resetnhoters g aniaznaddte isoinog fan b asdiicg ictoaml­
putAelrt.h otuhgceho mpuitssei rm pcloem patroe dc ommceormcpiuatilet r s,
nevertehnecloemspsae snsoeusgh functiotnoda elm ocnaspttahrbeaili ttei es
poweorfas toprreodg ram pguernpedoresaveli Re cgei.s ttrearn lsafnegru age
isu setdod esctrhiiebn et eornpaelr aotfti hoceno mpuatnetdro s pectihfey
requirefmoiertd nset ssi Tghne. bcaosmipcuu tseetrsh s ea me ofsin estt ruc­
tioansis nt hsee coenddi tbiuoitnt h sa rdwoarrgea nizaantddie osni hgans
beecno mplerteevliBysy eg do.i tnhgr otuhgdehe tasitleepds doefs itghne
preseinntt hecidhs a ptthesert ,u dweinbltel a bleu ntdoe rstthaienn dn er
workionfdg isg ictoamlp uters.
Chapte6ru tiltizhetesw enftiyiv nes truocftt hibeoa nscsio cm puttoe r
illusttreacthen uiqsueined s a ssembly language programming. Programming
exampalrees prefsoaern n utmebodef r data ptraosTckhesres.e s liantgi onship
Prefacex vii
betwebeinn aprryo graanmsdsy mbocloidicese x plabiyen xeadm pTlhees .
basoipce raotfia onan sss emabrlpeer re setnost heodtw h ter ansflraotmi on
symbocloidtceo eaqnu ivbailneanprtryo gram.
Chapte7ri ntrotdhuceco ensco emfpi tc roprogrAa smpmeimcniigcf.ri oc­
programcmoendtu rnoiilts devteols ohpoewd e bxya mphloewt o write
microfcooardt ey pisceoatfli nstruTchtedi eosnisog.ftn h ceo nturnoiilts
carrieidnd- eotiuantic ll utdhihena gr dwfaotrrhe me i croprsoegqruaemn cer.
Chapte8rd eawlistt hhc ee ntprraolc eusns(iiCtnP gU A)ne. x ecution unit
witcho mmobnu saensda na rithlmoegtuiinccii tsd eveltoops ehdo w the
generreaglio srtgearn iozfaat tyipoiCncP aUTl.h e opermaetmioosnrt yao cfk a
iesx plaainnsdeo dmo efi tasp plicaardteei monosn stVraartieiondus.st ruction
formaatrsie l lusttorgaetwteihdtea vhr a rioefat dyd resmsoidneTgsh .me o st
commoinn strufcotuiinoncdn o sm puatreeern su merwaittaehned x planation
oft hefiurn ctTiholena .ss etc tiinotnr otdhurece edsu icnesdt ruscecttoi mo­n
put(eRIrS Cc)o ncaenpddt i scuistcsshe asr actaenradid svtaginectssa.
Chapte9r o np ipealinnvdee cptroorc eisssn ieanwc g h apitnte hrte h ird
edit(iTohnme.a teornia arli thmeticf rooptmeh sreea ctoienoddni sth iaosn
beemno vetdoC hap1t0e)T. rh ceo ncoefpp itp eliiesnx ipnlgaa inntdeh wdea y
icta snp eed-up pirisol cleusswstiirtsnahegt v eeder xaalm pBloetashr. i thmetic
anidn strucptiipoeinls ci onnes idIeitrss eh do.wh no wRI SCp rocecsasno rs
achiseivneg lei-ncsytcrlueecx teicoubnty iu osni annge ffiicnisetnrtu ction
pipetloigneewt ihtethrhd ee lalyoeaaddn d de labyreadnt cehc hniVqeucetso.r
proceisissn itnrgo daunecdxe adm plsehso waonrff e l oating-point operations
usipnigp eplirnoec edures.
Chapte1r0p resaernittsh amlegtoircfi otrh masd ditionm,u ls­ubtraction,
tipliacnaddti ivoinas,ni sdoh no twhspe r ocedfuoirrm epsl emetnhtewimin tgh
digihtaarld waPrreo.c edaurrede esv elofpoesrdi gned-maagnndi tude
signedc-o2m'psl emfeinxte d-npuomibnetfr osr, floatbiinnga-rpyo int
numbersf,ob ria nnacdro yd deedc i(mBaClnD u) mbeTrhsea. l gorairteh ms
presented bfyl omwecathnhasaur ttsot sefh r ee gisterl atnrgaunasgfee rt o
spectifhsyee queonfmc iec roopearnacdto inotnrso l decifsotirho enisr required
implementation.
Chapte1r1d iscutshtseee csh ntihqcauotem sp uutseteroc s o mmunicate
witihn pauntod u tpduetv iIcnetse.ru fnaiactrese pretsose hnottwhe weda y
thatth per oceisnstoerrw aictethxs t eprenrailp hTehrea lsp.ro fcoerd ure
asynchrtornaonousfesf i etrph aerra olrsl eerldi aatileas x plaFionumerdo .d es
oft ranasrfederi scupsrsoegdr:a 1m1mie0nd,t errupt inidtiireactte d transfer,
memorayc ceasnsdt, h ues oef i nput-opurtocpeustSs poercsei.xf aimcp les
illustratef osprer rodicaaettldar u arnessm ission.
Chapte1r2 i ntrotdhuceco ensc oefmp etm ohriy eracrocmhpyo,os fe d
cacmheem ormya,im ne morayn,d aumxeimloisrauyrc yah sm agnedtiisck s.
.
Thoer ganiaznaodtp ieorna otfi oans somceimaotriiiesvex esp laiindneetda il.
Thceo ncoefp tm emmaornya geimisen nttr oducetdh petr hersoeunogtfha tion
thhea rdwraerqeu irfeomaerc n atcmshe em orya v ainrdtm ueamlos ryys tem.
xviii Preface
Chapte1r3 p resentthseb asicch aracteroifsm tuitcisp rocesVsaorriso.u s
interconnescttriuocnt uarreeps r esentTehde.n eedf oir nterprocaersbsiotrr a­
tionc,o mmunicatainodns ,y nchroniziasdt iiosnc ussTehde.c achceo herence
probleimse xplainteodg ethweirt hs omep ossibsloel utions.
Evercyh aptienrc ludaes se otf p robleamnsd a li sotf r eferenScoemse.o f
thep roblesmesrv ea se xercifsoetrsh em atericaolv eriendt hec hapteOrt.h ers
areo fa m orea dvancneadt uraen da rei ntendteodp rovipdrea ctiincs eo lving
probleamsss ociawtietdch o mputhearr dwaarrec hitecantdu drees igAn s.o lu­
tionmsa nuails a vailafbolrte h ei nstrucftroormt hep ublisher.
Theb ooki ss uitafbolrea coursienc omputehra rdwarsey stemisna n
electreincgailn eering, ceonmgpiunteeerr oirnc go,m putesrc iendceep art­
mentP.a rtosft heb ookc anb eu sedi na varieotfwy a ysa:s a firstc oursien
computer harbdywc aorvee ring Ch1at phtreorusg7 h;a sa c oursec oimnp uter
organizatiaonnd d esigwni thp reviokunso wledogfed igitlaolg idce sigbny
reviewinCgh apte4r a ndt hecn overicnhga pte5rt sh roug1h3 ;a sa coursien
computer organainzdaa tricohni tectthuacrtoe v etrhse f ive funcutniiotonsfa l
digitaclo mputeirnsc ludcionngt r(oClh apt7e)rp, r ocessuinnig(t C hapte8r s
and9 )ari,t hmetiocp erati(oCnhsa pt1e0r) i,n put-out(pCuhta pt1e1)r, a nd
memory( Chapt1e2r)T .h eb ooki sa lssou itafbolsree lf-sbtyued nyg ineaenrds
scientiwshtos n eedt oa cquitrhee b asikcn owledogfec omputehra rdware
architecture.
Acknowledgments
My thankgso etso t hosweh or eviewtehdet expta:r ticuPlraorfleys Tshoorm as
L.C asavaonftt h eU niversoifIt oyw aP;r ofesMsuorrra yR .B erkowioftG ze orge
MasonU niversPirtoyf;e sCseornr Ersooyf B rooklyPno lytechUnniicv ersity;
ProfesUspokra Vra rshnoefyt heU niversoifMt iys souKrain,s aCsi tyP;r ofessor
KaraWna tsoonf T exaAs& M UniversaintdyP ,r ofesSscoortF t.M i dkiffo ft he
VirginPioal ytechInnisct itute.
M.M orriMsa no
Contents
Preface XV
CHAPTER ONE
Digital Logic Circuits
1·1 Digital Computers 1
1·2 Logic Gates 4
1-3 Boolean Algebra 7
Complemmr of a Function I 0
1-4M apS implification II
Prodvct-af·Swru Sfm�Jlifico.tion /of
Don't-CarCondirioeru 16
1-SC ombinaCtiircouniatsl 18
Hai{-Mkr 19
MJI.Mkf 20
,1-6 Flip-Flop� 22
SRF U,.Fiop 22
0 FU,.Fiop2 3
JKF lip-Flop2 4
T Flip-Flop 24
E.dgc-Tfiumd Flip.Fiops 25
Exti!ation Talks 27
1-7S equeCnitrciuailts
Flip-FloIpn pEqu4tioruut 28
SIOU Table 30
SIOU Oiogr11m 31
�Example 32
� Proced.at 36
Problems
References
iii
iv Contents
CHAPTER TWO
DigitCaolm ponents 41
2-1I ntegrCaitrecdu its 41
2-2D ecoders 43
NANDG atDee code4r5
DecoEdxpearn sion4 6
Encode4r7s
2·3M ultiplexers 48
2-4R egisters 50
RegiwsittPehar r aLloleald 5 1
2-5S hiRfetg isters 53
BidirecStionhaiRlfe tg iwsittPehar r aLloleald 5 3
2-6B inaCryo unters 56
BinarCyo unwtietPrha raLloleald 5 8
2-7M emoryU nit 58
Random-AcMceemsorys 60
Read-MOenmloryy 61
Typofe RsO Ms 62
Problems 63
References 65
CHAPTER THREE
DataR epresentation 67
3-1D atTay pes 67
NumbSeyrs tems6 8
OctaanlHd exade cimal Number6s9
Decimal Represen72ta tion
AlphanuRmeeprriecs en7ta3t ion
3-2C omplements 74
(r-Clo)m'psl em7en5t
(r'Cso)m plemen7t5
Subtracoft Uinosni Ngnuedm ber7s6
3-3F ixed-PRoeipnrte sentation 77
InteRgeeprr esen7ta8t ion
ArithmAeddtiict io7n9
ArithmSeubtitcr acti8o0n
Overflow 80
Decimal Fixed-RPeopirnets en8tation1
Contents V
3-4F loatingR-ePporienste ntation 83
3-5O theBri naCroyd es 84
GraCyode 84
Other DeciCmoadle s8 5
OchAelrp hanCuomdeersi8 c6
3-6E rroDre tection Codes 87
Problems 89
References 91
CHAPTER FOUR
RegisTtrearn sfaenrdM icrooperati9o3ns
4·1R egister lTarnagnusafgeer 93
4·2R egisTtrearn sfer 95
4-3B usa ndM emorTyr ansfers 97
ThreeB-uSBstau rffee rIs00
Memory Transf1e0r I
44- ArithmeMtiiccr ooperations 102
BinaArdyd er 130
BinaArddye r-SubtIr04ac tor
Binarlyncr emenr1e50r
ArithmCeitriccu Ii0 t6
4-5 LogiMci crooperations 108
LiosfLt o giMcicr ooperat1ion90s
HardwIamrpele mentatIionI I
SomAep plicatIiIonsI
4-6S hiMfitc rooperations 114
HardwIamrpel ementaItIion5
4-7A rithmeLtoigciS ch iUfnti t 116
Problems 119
References 122
CHAPTER FIVE
BasiCco mputOerrg anizaatnidDo ens ign1 23
51- InstrucCtodieosn 123
StorPreodw aOmr ganizaIt2ion5
IndirAeddcrte ssI 26
vi Contents
5-2C omputReerg isters 127
Common BuSsy ste1m92
5-3C omputIenrs tructions 132
InstrSucetCtio omnp leten1e43s s
5-4T iminagn dC ontrol 135
5-5I nstrucCtyicolne 139
FetacndhD ecod1e9 3
Determthei Tnyep oefI nstruct1i14o n
RegisterI-nRsetfreucrt1eion3n4s c e
5-6M emory-RefIenrsetnruccet ions 145
ANDt oAC 154
ADDw AC 164
LOALoad: to AC1 64
STAS:t orAeC 174
BUN:B ranUcnhc onditionaUy 174
BSAB:r anacndSh a vRee tAuddrnr ess1 4 7
ISZI:ncr ementa ndS kiIpfZ ero1 94
ContrFollow cha1r9t4
5-7I nput-OuatnpdIu ntt errupt 150
Input-COonufitpguurta ti1o15n
Input-OIuntpsuttr uct1ion25s
PrograImtern rupt 135
InteCrruypctle 165
5-8C ompleCtoem putDeers cription 157
5-9D esiogfnB asCiocm puter 157
ContrLoolgicG ates1 06
ControofRl e giasndtM eemrorys 106
ControofSl i nFgllei p-F1l2o6 ps
ControofCl o mmBonu s 126
5-1D0e siogfnA ccumulLaotgoirc 164
Controfo AlC R egis1te56r
Addearnd L ogicC ircu1i66t
Problems 167
References 171
CHAPTER SIX
ProgrammitnhgeB asiCco mputer 173
6-1I ntroduction 173
6-2M achiLnaen guage 174
Contents vii
6-3A ssembLlayn guage 179
Ruleofs the Language1 97
AnE xample1 18
TranstlaoBt iinaorny 1 28
6-4T heA ssembler 183
RepreseonfSta ytmibProoonlgr ica m
inM emory 148
FirPsasts 158
SecoPruias s 178
6-5P rogrLaomo ps 190
6-6P rogramAmriintgh maentdiLc o gic
Operations 192
MultipPrloicgraatmi o1n39
Double-PrAeddciitsiioo1nn69
Logic Operation1s79
ShiOfpte ration1s79
6-7S ubroutines 198
SubrouPtairnaemsae ndtD earraLs i nkage 200
6-8I nput-OuPtrpougtr amming 203
CharacMtaenri pula2t04i on
PrograImtern rupt 205
Problems 208
References 211
CHAPTER SEVEN
MicroprogrammedC ontrol 213
7-1C ontrMoelm ory 213
7-2A ddreSsesq uencing 216
CoruiitionalB ranch2i17n g
MappoifIn ngs truct2i19o n
Subrouti2n2e0s
7-3M icroprogram Example 220
CompuCtonefirgu rati2o2n0
MicroinsFtormartuc ti2o2n2
SymbMoilcrico instr2uc2tion5s
TheFe tcRho utin2e2 6
SymbMoilcrico progr2a2m7
BinaMriycr oprogr2a2m9