Managing the Olympics This page intentionally left blank Managing the Olympics Editedby Stephen Frawley and Daryl Adair UniversityofTechnology,Sydney,Australia Selection,introductionandeditorialcontent©StephenFrawleyand DarylAdair2013 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-38957-1 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-35119-0 ISBN 978-0-230-38958-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230389588 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. Contents ListofTablesandFigures vii Acknowledgements ix NotesontheContributors x 1 TheOlympicGames:ManagerialandStrategicDimensions 1 StephenFrawleyandDarylAdair 2 OlympicGamesStakeholderGovernanceand Management 15 MilenaM.Parent 3 Information,KnowledgeandtheOrganization oftheOlympicGames 33 SueHalbwirthandKristineToohey 4 ManagingLegacy 50 RichardCashmanandJohnHorne 5 ManagingSportParticipationLegacyattheOlympic Games 66 StephenFrawley,KristineTooheyandA.J.Veal 6 ManagingSportattheOlympicGames 84 StephenFrawley,KristineToohey,TracyTaylor andDwightZakus 7 ManagingOlympicVenues 99 SimonDarcyandTracyTaylor 8 ManagingTransportduringtheOlympicGames 127 EvaKassens-Noor 9 BroadcastingtheOlympics 147 Harry-ArneSolbergandChrisGratton 10 InvestigatingOlympicSponsorship:AContemporary ReviewofSelectedActivationandAchievement 165 RickBurton v vi Contents 11 OlympicCeremonial,ProtocolandSymbolism 182 DarylAdair 12 ManagingtheGames:ProspectsfortheFuture 206 DarylAdairandStephenFrawley Index 211 Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 ThegrowthoftheSummerOlympicGames(1984–2000) 6 2.1 OCOG–stakeholderrelationshipissues 25 2.2 Passiveandactivestakeholderrelationshipmanagement strategies 29 3.1 OCOGinformationandknowledgeenvironment 37 3.2 IKMactivitystreams 41 5.1 Registrationdatacollection 72 5.2 Medium-termimpactpost-2000:NationalandNSWsport registrations 74 5.3 Short-termimpactpost-2000:NationalandNSWsport registrations 75 5.4 Medium-termimpactpost-2000:Sampleinterviewdata 77 5.5 Short-termimpactpost-2000:Sampleinterviewdata 78 7.1 Venueclassificationbypermanent,temporaryand naturalofthemodernOlympics 102 7.2 VenuecapacityofthemodernOlympicstadiumsin pre-andpost-Olympicconfiguration 120 9.1 Hostbroadcasthoursofcoverage 148 9.2 CountriesbroadcastingtheOlympics 149 9.3 OlympicTVrightsfees(US$millions) 150 9.4 OriginofOlympicbroadcastrightsfees 151 9.5 Distributionofrevenuesfrombroadcastingrights 161 Figures 2.1 DifferentapproachestomappingOlympicstakeholders 18 3.1 Characteristicsofinformationandknowledgecontinuum 35 7.1 Venueprofitandlossstatementsbeforeandafter incorporatinglifecyclemaintenancecost 108 vii viii ListofTablesandFigures 7.2 Integratedwheelchairseatingandtactilegroundsurface indicatorsatStadiumAustralia,themainstadiumforthe Sydney2000OlympicStadium 113 8.1 Ticketssoldandresidentialpopulation 128 8.2 Capacityofthetransitsystems 128 8.3 Olympicfleet 129 Acknowledgements Thisvolumewasconceivedwiththeassistanceofseveralpeople.From withintheglobalcommunityofOlympicStudiesscholars,wereceived widespread encouragement and support for the book, with several colleagues engaged as contributors. The international expertise and practicalexperiencesoftheseauthorshaveprovidedprofoundinsights intoprojectandeventmanagementattheOlympicGames.Colleagues at the University of Technology, Sydney, were also particularly helpful inguidingus:RichardCashmanandTonyVealattheAustralianCentre for Olympic Studies, and Tracy Taylor and Simon Darcy from the UTS Business School. We also wish to acknowledge the support and pro- fessionalism of the Palgrave Macmillan editorial team, Virginia Thorp (Senior Commissioning Editor) and Keri Dickens (Editorial Assistant). Finally,andperhapsmostimportantly,thankstotheFrawleyandAdair families,whohavecheeredfromthesidelinesasthisbookevolved. ix