Managing Biological and Ecological Systems

445 Pages·2020·11.164 MB·\445

by  Brian D. Fath (Editor), Sven Erik Jorgensen (Editor)

Managing Biological and
Ecological Systems
Environmental Management Handbook,
Second Edition
Edited by
Brian D. Fath and Sven E. Jørgensen
Volume 1
Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes
Volume 2
Managing Biological and Ecological Systems
Volume 3
Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems
Volume 4
Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems
Volume 5
Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems
Volume 6
Managing Human and Social Systems
Managing Biological and
Ecological Systems
Second Edition
Edited by
Brian D. Fath and Sven E. Jørgensen
Assistant to Editor
Megan Cole
Cover photo: Lake Elsinore, California, USA, B. Fath
Second edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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and by CRC Press
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© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
First edition published by CRC Press 2013
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ISBN: 978-1-138-34264-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-34617-0 (ebk)
Typeset in Minion
by codeMantra
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Editors .......................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xiii
Section i APc: Anthropogenic chemicals and Activities
1 Animals: Sterility from Pesticides ....................................................................3
William Au
2 Bacillus thuringiensis: Transgenic Crops..........................................................7
Julie A. Peterson, John J. Obrycki, and James D. Harwood
3 Biopesticides ....................................................................................................25
G. J. Ash and A. Wang
4 Birds: Chemical Control ................................................................................. 33
Eric B. Spurr
5 Birds: Pesticide Use Impacts ...........................................................................37
Pierre Mineau
6 Insect Growth Regulators ...............................................................................49
Meir Paul Pener
Section ii coV: comparative overviews of
important topics for environmental Management
7 Biodiversity and Sustainability ........................................................................71
Odo Primavesi
8 Biofertilizers .....................................................................................................91
J. R. de Freitas
9 Ecosystems: Large-Scale Restoration Governance .........................................95
Shannon Estenoz, Denise Vienne, and Alka Sapat
v
vi Contents
10 Ecosystems: Planning and Trade-offs ...........................................................105
Ioan M. Ciumasu, Keith Culver, Mihai Costica, and Jean-Paul Vanderlinden
11 Natural Enemies: Conservation .....................................................................125
Cetin Sengonca
12 Pests: Landscape Patterns ..............................................................................129
F. Craig Stevenson
Section iii cSS: case Studies of environmental Management
13 Biological Control of Vertebrates: Myxoma Virus and Rabbit
Hemorrhagic Disease Virus as Biological Controls for Rabbits ...................135
Peter Kerr and Tanja Strive
14 Cabbage Disease Ecology and Management ..................................................153
Anthony P. Keinath, Marc A. Cubeta, and David B. Langston, Jr.
15 Natural Enemies and Biocontrol: Artificial Diets ........................................159
Simon Grenier and Patrick De Clerq
Section iV DiA: Diagnostic tools: Monitoring, ecological
Modeling, ecological indicators, and ecological Services
16 Animals: Toxicological Evaluation ................................................................165
Vera Lucia S.S. de Castro
17 Bioindicators for Sustainable Agroecosystems .............................................177
Joji Muramoto and Stephen R. Gliessman
1 8 Ecological Indicators: Eco-Exergy to Emergy Flow ......................................197
Simone Bastianoni, Luca Coscieme, and Federico M. Pulselli
1 9 Ecological Indicators: Ecosystem Health .....................................................207
Felix Müller, Benjamin Burkhard, Marion Kandziora, Claus Schimming, and
Wilhelm Windhorst
2 0 Sustainable Fisheries: Models and Management ..........................................229
Fabian Zimmermann and Katja Enberg
Section V ent: environmental Management
Using environmental technologies
2 1 Bioremediation: Contaminated Soil Restoration .........................................245
Sven Erik Jørgensen
2 2 Biotechnology: Pest Management ................................................................. 253
Maurizio G. Paoletti
2 3 Plant Pathogens (Fungi): Biological Control ................................................263
Timothy Paulitz
Contents vii
2 4 Plant Pathogens (Viruses): Biological Control .............................................269
Hei-Ti Hsu
2 5 Stored-Product Pests: Biological Control ..................................................... 273
Lise Stengård Hansen
26 Weeds (Insects and Mites): Biological Control ............................................277
Peter Harris
Section Vi nec: natural elements
and chemicals Found in nature
2 7 Antagonistic Plants .......................................................................................283
Philip Oduor-Owino
28 Arthropod Host-Plant Resistant Crops ........................................................287
Gerald E. Wilde
29 Biomass ...........................................................................................................291
Alberto Traverso and David Tucker
3 0 Nematodes: Biological Control ......................................................................301
Simon Gowen
Section Vii PRo: Basic environmental Processes
31 Agroforestry: Water Use Efficiency ..............................................................307
James R. Brandle, Laurie Hodges, and Xinhua Zhou
3 2 Bacterial Pest Control ....................................................................................311
David N. Ferro
33 Bioaccumulation .............................................................................................315
Tomaz Langenbach
34 Biodegradation ...............................................................................................321
Sven Erik Jørgensen
35 Biological Control of Vertebrates .................................................................329
Peter Kerr and Tanja Strive
36 Biological Controls ........................................................................................343
Heikki Hokkanen
37 Biological Factors Impeding Recovery of Predatory Fish Populations .......349
Catalina Chaparro Pedraza
38 Bioremediation .............................................................................................. 359
Ragini Gothalwal
39 Composting ................................................................................................... 379
Nídia Sá Caetano
viii Contents
40 Insects and Mites: Biological Control ...........................................................401
Ann E. Hajek
41 Invasion Biology ............................................................................................407
Jennifer Ruesink
Index .......................................................................................................................413
Preface
Given the current state of the world as compiled in the massive Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Report, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively during the past 50 years than in
any other time in human history. These are unprecedented changes that need certain action. As a result,
it is imperative that we have a good scientific understanding of how these systems function and good
strategies on how to manage them.
In a very practical way, this multivolume Environmental Management Handbook provides a
comprehensive reference to demonstrate the key processes and provisions for enhancing environmen-
tal management. The experience, evidence, methods, and models relevant for studying environmental
management are presented here in six stand-alone thematic volumes as follows:
VOLUME 1 – Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes
VOLUME 2 – Managing Biological and Ecological Systems
VOLUME 3 – Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems
VOLUME 4 – Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems
VOLUME 5 – Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems
VOLUME 6 – Managing Human and Social Systems
In this manner, the handbook introduces in the first volume the general concepts and processes used
in environmental management. The next four volumes deal with each of the four spheres of nature
(biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere). The last volume ties the material together in its
application to human and social systems. These are very important chapters for a wide spectrum of stu-
dents and professionals to understand and implement environmental management. In particular, the
features include the following:
• The first handbook that demonstrates the key processes and provisions for enhancing
e nvironmental management.
• Addresses new and cutting-edge topics on ecosystem services, resilience, sustainability,
food–energy–water nexus, socio-ecological systems, etc.
• Provides an excellent basic knowledge on environmental systems, explains how these systems
function, and gives strategies on how to manage them.
• Written by an outstanding group of environmental experts.
Since the handbook covers such a wide range of materials from basic processes, to tools, technolo-
gies, case studies, and legislative actions, each handbook entry is further classified into the following
categories:
APC: Anthropogenic chemicals: The chapters cover human-manufactured chemicals and activities
COV: Indicates that the chapters give comparative overviews of important topics for environmental
management
ix