Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence, Tricks, and Pitfalls PDF
Preview Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence, Tricks, and Pitfalls
Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Evidence, Tricks, and Pitfalls Terje Sundstrøm Per-Olof Grände Teemu Luoto Christina Rosenlund Johan Undén Knut Gustav Wester Editors Second Edition 123 Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Terje Sundstrøm • Per-Olof Grände Teemu Luoto • Christina Rosenlund Johan Undén • Knut Gustav Wester Editors Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Evidence, Tricks, and Pitfalls Second Edition Editors Terje Sundstrøm Per-Olof Grände Department of Neurosurgery Department of Anaesthesia Haukeland University Hospital and Intensive Care Bergen Lund University Hospital Norway Lund Sweden Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen Christina Rosenlund Bergen Department of Neurosurgery Norway Odense University Hospital Odense Teemu Luoto Denmark Department of Neurosurgery Tampere University Hospital Knut Gustav Wester Tampere Department of Clinical Medicine K1 Finland University of Bergen Bergen Johan Undén Norway Department of Operation and Intensive Care Halmstad Hospital Halmstad Sweden ISBN 978-3-030-39382-3 ISBN 978-3-030-39383-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39383-0 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword I Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a vast global health problem, impact- ing over 50 million people worldwide each year and costing the global econ- omy $400 million USD. TBI has been described as “the most complex disease in our most complex organ.” We now recognize that it is a process, not an event. A disproportionate burden of death and disability exists in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Concerted efforts are required to address this global pandemic. Concerted efforts in the sense of both international col- laborations and of interactions between basic neuroscience and clinical research. This second edition of the textbook Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence, tricks, and pitfalls constitutes an amazing concerted effort, bringing together contributions from world-leading experts, linking basic neuroscience to clinical research and practice, and presenting this in a very clear and educational format. The Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC) deserves a huge compliment for this achievement. Importantly, this textbook also bridges the neurotrauma gap between high-income countries (HICs) and LMICs, true to the long-standing interest of Scandinavian neuro- surgery in promoting educational activities in Africa. Over 90% of neu- rotrauma occur in LMICs, whilst over 90% of TBI publications originate from HICs. LMICs are severely underrepresented in TBI research. Surgery for neurotrauma represents more than 40% of neurosurgical procedures per- formed all over the world and more than 60% in developing areas of the world. Acquiring detailed knowledge of TBI, its pathophysiology and man- agement, should thus be a priority for all neurosurgeons and neurosurgical trainees. This knowledge needs to extend far beyond a narrow focus on surgi- cal management. As past and current presidents of the Neurotrauma Committee of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies, we greatly welcome this new edition for its pragmatic approach, which will serve clinicians and research- ers across the world. This book is relevant to basic scientists who wish to v vi Foreword I understand more about clinical dilemmas, to neurosurgical trainees across the world, and also to seasoned experts like ourselves who are sure to find some- thing new! The book should belong on the shelf of every neurosurgical department. Edegem, Belgium Andrew I. R. Maas Peshawar, Pakistan Tariq Khan Foreword II The book is the result of a carefully concerted venture from the most dedi- cated neurosurgeons, neurointensivists, neuroanaesthesiologists, trauma sur- geons, neuroradiologists, rehabilitation physicians, and psychologist throughout Scandinavia working on traumatic brain injury (TBI). Together, and through the Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC), they have described the current knowledge—and sometimes the lack thereof—in a structured and easily readable form. The book covers all topics from the epi- demiology and organizational considerations of trauma management, via evidence-based treatment strategies and monitoring, to long-term follow-up and rehabilitation. The first edition of this book was published in 2012. Although brain injury research is clearly under-financed, the field is making rapid progress. The SNC has published treatment guidelines for the management of minimal, mild, and moderate head injuries, paediatric injuries, and the prehospital management of severe TBI. This work has structured the treatment of these patients throughout, and beyond, Scandinavia. Importantly, it has also fos- tered a range of studies on implementation and follow-up of such guidelines, giving rise to further improvements—as well as this second edition Management of severe traumatic brain injury: Evidence, tricks, and pitfalls. Overall, the SNC is a great example on how a regional multinational effort can make an impact. The epidemiology of TBI is vastly different throughout the globe, but the underlying challenges on organization, clinical decision- making, prevention of secondary damage, and rehabilitation remain very similar. This book covers the topic of severe head trauma in a well-written and pedagogical way. It is a “must read” for all residents in neuro- or trauma sur- gery, anaesthesiology, and intensive care medicine. It should also be an important resource to all seasoned clinicians for updated information. The layout of the book makes it a good everyday reference. This book should be found in any and all units dealing with trauma patients. I am very proud of the work performed by the SNC, and I am sure that you will enjoy reading this book as much as I did. Einar Osland Vik-Mo The Scandinavian Neurosurgical Society, Oslo, Norway vii In Memoriam Bertil Romner Bertil Romner was one of the founders and a leading member of the Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC). He died of cancer when he was 59 years old in August 2013. He was trained as a neurosurgeon at the Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University Hospital, Sweden. He defended his Ph.D. thesis in 1991, became associate professor in 1994 and led the neurointensive care unit in Lund from 1996 to 2006. In 2006, he became professor of neurosurgery at the University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark. In 2010, he became professor of neurosurgery at the Lund University, Sweden. From 1999 to his death, he held a second professorship at the Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, Norway. Bertil will be remembered as an active scientist, supervisor, and inspirator. He was a popular speaker with tremendous scenic talent and had a huge net- work of collaborators and friends all over the world. He spent countless after- noons together with members of his “research family,” and through his leadership he raised the bar for scientific and clinical excellence. He was internationally acclaimed for his contributions to neurosurgery and neuroin- tensive care and published more than 150 articles. His main research field was transcranial Doppler measurement of blood flow and, in more recent years, noninvasive Doppler measurement of intracranial pressure. He also made seminal contributions on treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage, low- pressure hydrocephalus, and clinical use of and research on brain biomarkers, such as S100B. Over the last years, his research was focused on management of head injuries. Notably, he spear-headed the development of Scandinavian guidelines for minimal, mild, and moderate head injuries published in 2013, including for the first time a biomarker as an alternative to CT in the diagnos- tic workup of head injuries. He was also the main organizer of several con- gresses in Lund on clinical and research applications for biomarkers. “I’m on my way,” Bertil often replied on the phone when he was late to a meeting. He was always on the move. He constantly initiated new projects and always participated with infectious enthusiasm. When matters became difficult, he always said: “It’ll be solved” (“Det löser sig”). He was almost always right. Bertil truly enjoyed life. He had a great sense of humor and a strong social competence. His warm personality and genuine consideration for others were clearly reflected with patients, relatives, colleagues, and neighbors. In spite of his disease, he refused to give up and kept on working full time as a professor, both in clinic and research. Before he died, he said “I have so much undone.” ix x In Memoriam Bertil Romner Through Bertil’s death, we have lost a dear friend and a dedicated clinician and scientist. He has left a great void that is impossible to fill. We all really miss him and honor his memory. On behalf of the SNC. Lund, Sweden Per-Olof Grände Copenhagen, Denmark Vagn Eskesen Tromsø, Norw ay Tor Ingebrigtsen Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee The Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC; www.neurotrauma.nu) was founded in 1998 after an initiative from the Scandinavian Neurosurgical Society. The committee comprises dedicated neurosurgeons, neurologists, intensivists, anaesthesiologists, radiologists, and paediatricians from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden (population 27 million, 22 neuro- surgical centers). The SNC is independent of industry funding and members are supported by their respective institutions. The biannual Nordic Neurotrauma Conference is hosted by the SNC. The major objective of the SNC is to improve the management of neu- rotrauma patients in the Nordic countries. Members of the Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee Knut Gustav Wester (president) Neurosurgeon Bergen, Norway Terje Sundstrøm Neurosurgeon Bergen, Norway Mads Aarhus Neurosurgeon Oslo, Norway Tor Brommeland Neurosurgeon Oslo, Norway Anders Christian Feyling Anaesthesiologist Oslo, Norway Kent Gøran Moen Radiologist Trondheim, Norway xi
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