Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea An Evidence-Based, Multidisciplinary Textbook Ki Beom Kim Reza Movahed Raman K. Malhotra Jeffrey J. Stanley Editors 123 Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Ki Beom Kim • Reza Movahed • Raman K. Malhotra • Jeffrey J. Stanley Editors Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea An Evidence-Based, Multidisciplinary Textbook Editors Ki Beom Kim Reza Movahed Orthodontics Orthodontics Saint Louis University Orthodontics Saint Louis University Orthodontics Saint Louis, MO Saint Louis, MO USA USA Raman K. Malhotra Jeffrey J. Stanley Washington University in St. Louis School Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of Medicine University of Michigan–Ann Arbor Saint Louis, MO Ann Arbor, MI USA USA ISBN 978-3-030-54145-3 ISBN 978-3-030-54146-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54146-0 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland V Contents I Principles and Fundamentals of OSA 1 Classification of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Katelyn Smith 2 Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Frank Ralls, Lisa Cutchen, and Lee K. Brown 3 Health Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Joseph Roland D. Espiritu 4 Neurocognitive and Neuropsychological Effects of OSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Andrew R. Spector and Thomas J. Farrer 5 Diagnostic Considerations in Metabolic Disease Associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Raymond E. Bourey II Diagnostic Considerations for OSA 6 Clinical Evaluation of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Raman K. Malhotra and Rocio Zeballos-Chavez 7 Diagnostic Testing for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Meghna P. Mansukhani, Bhanu Prakash Kolla, and Kannan Ramar 8 Cone-Beam CT Use for Airway Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Juan Martin Palomo, Tarek Elshebiny, and Kingman Strohl 9 Craniofacial Morphology Related to Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Growth of Craniofacial Bones and the Upper Airway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Su-Jung Kim and Ki Beom Kim 10 Orthodontics and Sleep- Disordered Breathing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Ki Beom Kim and Su-Jung Kim 11 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Setting of Mandibular Condyle Resorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 W. Jonathan Fillmore V I Contents III Non-surgical Management of OSA 12 Positive Airway Pressure for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Shalini Paruthi 13 O ral Appliance Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Marie Marklund 14 Other Therapies and Emerging Options for Management of OSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Abbey Dunn and Neeraj Kaplish IV Surgical Management of OSA 15 Surgical Management of OSA: Adenotonsillectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Allison G. Ordemann and Ron B. Mitchell 16 Nasal Obstruction and Sleep- Disordered Breathing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 William C. Scott and David T. Kent 17 Palatal Surgery for OSA Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Chandra M. Cherukuri, Neeraj Kaplish, and Jeffrey J. Stanley 18 Hypopharyngeal Surgery for OSA Patients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Pratyusha Yalamanchi and Paul T. Hoff 19 Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Craniofacial Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Mikhail Daya and Jason E. Portnof 20 Miniscrew-Assisted Maxillary Expansion Techniques for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Audrey Jung-Sun Yoon, Stanley Yung-Chuan Liu, and Christian Guilleminault 21 Orthognathic Surgical Considerations for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Yong-Il Kim, Ki Beom Kim, and Reza Movahed 22 Individualized Treatment Planning for Asian Adult Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome to Obtain Improvement of Respiratory Function and Facial Esthetics: Conventional Maxillomandibular Advancement (MMA) Versus Modified MMA with Segmental Osteotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Sung Ok Hong, Seung-Hak Baek, and Jin-Young Choi V Maxillomandibular Advancement for OSA 23 Clinical, Occlusal, and Cephalometric Analyses of the OSA Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Larry Wolford Contents 24 MRI Evaluation for Patients with TMJ Disorders and Obstructive Sleep Apnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Larry Wolford 25 Maxillary Surgical Procedures for Correction of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Will R. Allen and Matt J. Madsen 26 Mandibular Surgical Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Larry Wolford 27 Counterclockwise Rotation of the Maxillomandibular Complex for the Correction of Dentofacial Deformities and Sleep Apnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Larry Wolford 28 M axillomandibular Advancement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Reza Movahed 29 Virtual Surgical Planning and Digital Workflow for Concomitant Temporomandibular Replacement and Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Reza Movahed and Joseph W. Ivory 30 Postoperative Management of the Maxillomandibular Advancement Patient . . . . . . . . . 497 Zachary Brown and Daniel E. Perez 31 Post-surgical Myofunctional Therapy and Physical Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Joy L. Moeller, Cynthia Peterson, Licia Coceani Paskay, Samantha D. Weaver, and Soroush Zaghi 32 Complications Associated with Maxillomandibular Advancement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 Reza Movahed, Joseph W. Ivory, and Frank Delatour 33 Virtual Surgical Planning for Osseous Surgery to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Christopher Viozzi 34 Temporomandibular Joint Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Louis G. Mercuri 35 Maxillomandibular Advancement Using Total Joint Replacement for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Daniel E. Perez, Zachary Brown, and Edward Ellis III 36 Computational Fluid Dynamics and Morphometric Changes in OSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Ki Beom Kim, Reza Movahed, and Mark McQuilling Supplementary Information Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637 IX Contributors Will R. Allen Kentuckiana Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Louisville, KY, USA [email protected] Seung-Hak Baek Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Insti- tute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea [email protected] Raymond E. Bourey Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA [email protected] Lee K. Brown Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA [email protected] Lisa Cutchen Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA Program in Sleep Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA Zachary Brown Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA [email protected] Chandra M. Cherukuri Department of Family Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapo- lis, MN, USA [email protected] Jin-Young Choi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea [email protected] Mikhail Daya Movahed OMS, Chesterfield, MO, USA [email protected] Frank Delatour Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX, USA [email protected] Abbey Dunn Clinical Instructor in Neurology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA [email protected] Edward Ellis III Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA [email protected] Tarek Elshebiny Case Western Reserve University, School of Dental Medicine – Department of Orthodontics, Cleveland, OH, USA [email protected] Joseph Roland D. Espiritu SLUCare Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA [email protected] X Contributors Thomas J. Farrer Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA [email protected] W. Jonathan Fillmore Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI, USA [email protected] Christian Guilleminault Sleep Medicine Program, Stanford University Sleep Disorders Clinic, Stanford, CA, USA Paul T. Hoff Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA [email protected] Sung Ok Hong Department of Dentistry (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery), School of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon, South Korea [email protected] Joseph W. IvoryM Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Cen- ter, El Paso, TX, USA [email protected] Neeraj Kaplish Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine Sleep Disorders Laboratories, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA [email protected] [email protected] David T. Kent Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA [email protected] Ki Beom Kim Department of Orthodontics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA [email protected] Su-Jung Kim Department of Orthodontics, Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea [email protected] Yong-Il Kim Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea [email protected] Bhanu Prakash Kolla Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA [email protected] Stanley Yung-Chuan Liu Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA [email protected] Matt J. Madsen North County Oral and Facial Surgery Center, Escondido, CA, USA [email protected] Raman K. Malhotra Sleep Medicine Section, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA [email protected] Contributors Meghna P. Mansukhani Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA [email protected] M. Marklund Department of Odontology, Medical Faculty, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] Mark McQuilling Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA [email protected] Louis G. Mercuri Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA TMJ Concepts, Ventura, CA, USA Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] Ron B. Mitchell Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, UT Southwestern and Children’s Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA [email protected] Joy L. Moeller University of Southern California, Dental Hygiene Department, Private Practice of Myo- functional Therapy, Los Angeles, CA, USA [email protected] Reza Movahed Department of Orthodontics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA Private Practice, St. Louis, MO, USA [email protected] Allison G. Ordemann University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA [email protected] Juan Martin Palomo Case Western Reserve University, School of Dental Medicine – Department of Ortho- dontics, Cleveland, OH, USA [email protected] Shalini Paruthi Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Saint Luke’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA [email protected] Licia Coceani Paskay Academy of Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy, Academy of Applied Myofunctional Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA [email protected] Daniel E. Perez Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA [email protected] Cynthia Peterson Research Associate with the Breathe Institute, Private Practice, Salt Lake City, UT, USA [email protected] Jason E. Portnof Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lau- derdale, FL, USA [email protected]