Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective

303 Pages·2017·8.462 MB·English

by  Paul D. Goriup

Management of Marine
Protected Areas
Management of Marine Protected Areas
A Network Perspective
Edited by Paul D. Goriup
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ISBN: 9781119075776
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
List of Contributors vii
Foreword xi
Editor’s Preface xv
1 From Marine Protected Areas to MPA Networks 1
Ferdinando Boero
2 Ecological Effects and Benefits of Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas:
Management Implications 21
Antoni Garcia‐Rubies, Emma Cebrian, Patrick J. Schembri, Julian Evans
and Enrique Macpherson
3 Typology, Management and Monitoring of Marine Protected Area Networks 49
Stephen Beal, Paul D. Goriup and Thomas Haynes
4 Marine Protected Area Governance and Effectiveness Across Networks 69
Nigel Dudley and Marc Hockings
5 Marine Protected Areas as Spatial Protection Measures under the 
Marine Strategy Framework Directive 89
Daniel Braun
6 Socioeconomic Impacts of Networks of Marine Protected Areas 103
Elena Ojea, Marta Pascual, David March, Isabella Bitetto, Paco Melià,
Margaretha Breil, Joachim Claudet and Anil Markandya
7 Multi‐criteria Decision‐Making for Marine Protected Area Design
and Management 125
Paco Melià
8 Ecosystem‐Based Management for Marine Protected Areas: A Systematic Approach 145
Rafael Sardá, Susana Requena, Carlos Dominguez‐Carrió and Josep Maria Gili
9 Developing Collaboration among Marine Protected Area Managers to
Strengthen Network Management 163
Chloë Webster
vi Contents
10 Eyes Wide Shut: Managing Bio‐Invasions in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas 187
Bella Galil
11 Marine Protected Areas and Marine Spatial Planning, with Special
Reference to the Black Sea 207
Eva Schachtner
12 Black Sea Network of Marine Protected Areas : European Approaches and 
Adaptation to Expansion and Monitoring in Ukraine 227
Boris Alexandrov, Galina Minicheva and Yuvenaliy Zaitsev
13 Prospects for Marine Protected Areas in the Turkish Black Sea 247
Bayram Öztürk, Bettina A. Fach, Çetin Keskin, Sinan Arkin,
Bülent Topaloğlu and Ayaka Amaha Öztürk
14 Marine Protected Areas and Offshore Wind Farms 263
Natalie Sanders, Thomas Haynes and Paul D. Goriup
Index 281
vii
List of Contributors
Alexandrov, Boris Breil, Margaretha
Institute of Marine Biology Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Euro‐Mediterranean Center for Climate
Odessa Change
Ukraine Venezia
Email: [email protected] Italy
Arkin, Sinan Cebrian, Emma
Institute of Marine Science Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes
Middle East Technical University (CEAB‐CSIC)
Erdemli Girona
Mersin Spain;
Turkey Department of Environmental Sciences
University of Montilivi
Beal, Stephen Girona
NatureBureau Spain
Newbury
Claudet, Joachim
UK
National Center for Scientific Research
Email: [email protected]
CRIOBE
Perpignan
Bitetto, Isabella
France
COISPA Tecnologia & Ricerca
Bari Dominguez‐Carrió, Carlos
Italy
Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)
Barcelona
Boero, Ferdinando
Spain
Università del Salento – CNR‐ISMAR
Italy Dudley, Nigel
Email: [email protected] Equilibrium Research
Bristol
Braun, Daniel UK;
Research Group of Prof. Dr. Detlef School of Geography
Czybulka Planning and Environmental Management
Faculty of Law at the University of Queensland
University of Rostock Brisbane
Germany Australia
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
viii List of Contributors
Evans, Julian Hockings, Marc
Department of Biology School of Geography
Faculty of Science Planning and Environmental Management
University of Malta at the University of Queensland
Malta Brisbane
Australia
Fach, Bettina A.
Institute of Marine Science Keskin, Çetin
Middle East Technical University Faculty of Fisheries
Erdemli Istanbul University
Mersin Beyazıt
Turkey Istanbul
Turkey
Galil, Bella
The Steinhardt Museum of Macpherson, Enrique
Natural History Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes
Israel National Center for Biodiversity (CEAB‐CSIC)
Studies Girona
Tel Aviv University Spain
Tel Aviv
Israel
March, David
Email: [email protected]
SOCIB – Balearic Islands Coastal
Observing and Forecasting System
Garcia‐Rubies, Antoni
Palma
Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes Spain
(CEAB‐CSIC)
Girona
Markandya, Anil
Spain
Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)
Email: [email protected]
Bilbao
Spain;
Gili, Josep Maria
Ikerbasque Foundation
Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)
Bilbao
Barcelona
Spain
Spain
Melià, Paco
Goriup, Paul D.
Dipartimento di Elettronica
NatureBureau
Informazione e Bioingegneria
Newbury
Politecnico di Milano
UK
Milano
Email: [email protected]
Italy;
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per
Haynes, Thomas le Scienze del Mare
NatureBureau Roma
Newbury Italy
UK Email: [email protected]
List of Contributors ix
Minicheva, Galina Sardá, Rafael
Institute of Marine Biology Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (CEAB‐CSIC)
Odessa Girona
Ukraine Spain
Email: [email protected]
Ojea, Elena
Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) Schachtner, Eva
Bilbao
Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and
Spain;
Regional Development
University of Vigo
Dresden
Spain
Germany
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
Öztürk, Ayaka Amaha
Schembri, Patrick J.
Faculty of Fisheries
Department of Biology
Istanbul University
Faculty of Science
Beyazıt
University of Malta
Istanbul
Malta
Turkey
Email: [email protected]
Öztürk, Bayram
Faculty of Fisheries Topaloğlu, Bülent
Istanbul University Faculty of Fisheries
Beyazıt Istanbul University
Istanbul Beyazıt
Turkey Istanbul
Email: [email protected] Turkey
Pascual, Marta
Webster, Chloë
Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)
Mediterranean Protected Areas Network
Bilbao
(MedPAN)
Spain;
Marseilles
Ikerbasque Foundation
France
Bilbao
Email: [email protected]
Spain
Zaitsev, Yuvenaliy
Requena, Susana
Institute of Marine Biology
Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Barcelona
Odessa
Spain
Ukraine
Sanders, Natalie
NatureBureau
Newbury
UK
Email: [email protected]
xi
Foreword
So much of our national and international isolation to what happens on land, especially
effort to protect nature has been concen- the effects of infrastructure development on
trated on terrestrial protected areas. Even many parts of the coastline of the two seas to
the international agreements under the exploit the favourable weather conditions
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and shoreline situations and the delivery of
have accorded less prominence to protect- water, nutrients and pollutants (and conse-
ing coastal and marine areas. Indeed, it was quential eutrophication) into the seas from
not until the agreement of the CBD’s Aichi the surrounding rivers.
targets for 2020 in 2012 that marine protec- It is also obvious that looking after the
tion began to gather real momentum with a marine environment of the two seas cannot
target of 10% coverage compared with just focus on nature and be a top‐down pro-
17% for the terrestrial environment. This cess focusing on the protection of species and
refocusing is a welcome recognition of the habitats. Both seas have a long history of
importance of looking after coastal and human occupation and human passage in all
marine ecosystems in the longer term, espe- directions and there are many internationally
cially in the light of the progressive degrada- important cultural artefacts reflecting this
tion as a result of human activities at sea and long history. And there are many communi-
on land and the relatively uncertain effects ties still dependent on the seas for the provi-
of global climate change. Now, there is a sion of natural resources for human survival,
need to concentrate greater effort on strate- especially fish. The question of which comes
gic planning in the Mediterranean and Black first – nature or people – is an often‐posed
Seas, including the establishment, protec- one in this book. The answer is both as they
tion and enforcement of Marine Protected are really indivisible – hence the develop-
Areas (MPAs) in these two naturally, cultur- ment of new approaches to looking after
ally, economically and socially important nature, including MPAs, which stress the
seas. So this book is a timely reminder of importance of societal engagement through-
what we know, what problems need to be out rather than the more traditional western
addressed, what progress has been made, approach of leaving it to the experts in nature.
what can be learnt from other parts of the This does not mean that understanding and
world, what actions are being taken and maintaining and, where necessary, restoring
what more needs to be done using MPA natural processes is not important: it is vital
mechanisms and processes to sustain life in for the future of nature itself and for the
and around the seas in the longer term. survival of human societies.
It is obvious that the coastal and marine The development of protection of the
environment cannot be considered in coastal and marine environment has to be
xii Foreword
seen from the perspective of nation states Only through these approaches can the
which have a stake. In all, 21 nations have effectiveness of protection be secured and
coasts on the Mediterranean Sea, and whilst be assured for the future.
there are six on the Black Sea coast, another Much good progress has been made, as
10 nations make inputs through the rivers the chapters in this book illustrate. Of par-
flowing into the sea. ticular note are the sanctuaries and no‐take
With these points in mind, why do the zones to allow fish stocks to recover from
Mediterranean and Black Seas require over‐exploitation and for the spawning
MPAs? The simple answer is that there are biomass to increase to a state of biological
international and regional agreements sustainability and therefore allow fishing to
requiring signatory states to protect the recommence. There are important ‘spillo-
marine environment. More fundamentally, vers’ of young fish from these protected
there remain many conflicts, for example, areas into the wider seas which indicate
between fishermen and conservation to that  fish stocks are recovering. Also of
ensure that fish stocks are in a healthy bio- note  are the interactive processes estab-
logical state for the future, between tourism lished between the nation states and also,
development and coastal pollution, between for example, between the MPA managers
waste disposal through the river systems under the MedPAN initiative. A great deal
and the cleanliness of the marine environ- is known about how the seas operate natu-
ment, and between over‐exploitation of key rally – the water flows and the current pat-
species and water pollution and their grad- terns at all levels in the water column – and
ual loss and in some cases extinction. And, therefore where there are more likely to be
there is the potential inequality between pollution sinks and lack of water inter-
those nations which exploit more resources change which create negative conditions for
and those which have a lesser environmen- marine life. Within the territorial seas of the
tal footprint. It is for these reasons that EU Member States the Marine Strategy
formal conventions have been long estab- Framework Directive, with its target of
lished for each of the seas: the Barcelona achieving Good Environmental Status in all
Convention for the Mediterranean and the EU Waters by 2020, is a testing and very
Bucharest Convention for the Black Sea. welcome target to stimulate action.
Within these multilateral structures, many But more needs to be done bearing in
protocols for the protection of the seas have mind that only 0.012% of the Mediterranean
been developed, including systems of pro- Sea is fully protected with effective MPAs
tected areas. Of particular note are the and only about 1.7% of the Black Sea has
Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean protected area status.
Importance and the Special Areas of In the former, greater action over the
Protection in the EU Member States. But whole sea and coastal area, rather than just
protection is not just about designation within the EU Member States’ jurisdiction,
of sites and areas, as there are too many so‐ is needed; but this has to recognize the rela-
called parks which exist only on paper. It is tively weaker economies, especially in North
more fundamentally about the perpetual Africa and the Middle East, and therefore
protection of nature and natural processes the limited resources available to address
within the context of changing societal these issues. The learning of lessons from
values, availability of new scientific infor- the various EU initiatives, and the EU states
mation, and implementation of effective continuing to help the non‐EU states to do
pro cesses of engagement for all stakeholders. more through technical aid and financial