Management of Hazardous Residues Containing Cd

208 Pages·2012·3.819 MB·English

by  M. J. Balart Murria

WASTE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

M H
ANAGEMENT OF AZARDOUS
RESIDUES CONTAINING CD

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WASTE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

M H
ANAGEMENT OF AZARDOUS
R C C
ESIDUES ONTAINING D

M.J. BALART MURRIA
EDITOR

Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
New York
Copyright © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Management of hazardous residues containing Cd / editor, M.J. Balart Murria.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-62257-039-3 (eBook)
1. Cadmium--Environmental aspects. 2. Hazardous waste site remediation.
I. Balart Murria, Marma Josi.
TD196.C28M36 2011
628.5'5--dc22
2011002559

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 Adsorbents for Cd2+ Removal from Water Waste:
A Short Review of the Recent Development 1
Liana Alvares Rodrigues, Choyu Otani
and Gilmar Patrocínio Thim
Chapter 2 Design and Optimization for Hazardous Jarosite
Waste Recycling in Environmentally
Suitable Composite Products Using Response
Surface Methodology 41
Asokan Pappu, Mohini Saxena, Shyam R. Asolekar,
Kim L Pickering and Anil K. Gupta
Chapter 3 Inorganic and Organic Soil Amendments
Used for the Immobilization of Cadmium
in Contaminated Soils 99
Silvana Irene Torri
Chapter 4 Inertization of Cadmium Enriched Hazardous
Residue: An Inert Approach 131
Richa Rathor, M. Verma, Kshipra Misra
and Satinder K. Brar
Contents
Chapter 5 Natural and Man-induced Phytoremediation in Several
Mine Residues Containing High Concentration of Cd 153
Carrillo González Rogelio
and González-Chávez Ma. del Carmen
Chapter 6 Mobility of Cadmium in Coal Fly Ash 171
Eleonora Sočo and Jan Kalembkiewicz
Index 185
PREFACE

This new book offers a detailed overview of low cost adsorbents for
Cd(II) removal from wastewater, namely agricultural and industrial wastes,
activated carbon from agricultural wastes and biosorbents. A study of the
susceptibility of stabilisation/solidification s/s processes, using biosolids
compost with different degree of maturity, calcareous amendment or a
combination of both amendments for Cd contaminated soil remediation is also
reviewed
Chapter 1-Cd2+ is a highly toxic heavy metallic ion, which is found in
mineral rocks and contaminated areas. Several different methods have been
developed for the Cd2+ removal from contaminated water. Low cost adsorbents
have been recommended as cadmium ions removers for aqueous effluents,
replacing conventional materials of higher cost. In this review, an extensive
list of the low cost adsorbent materials, such as agro-industrial wastes and
biosorbents were compiled. The potential of various low cost adsorbents, for
removing Cd2+ from water systems, was analyzed.
Chapter 2-Jarosite waste arising worldwide from the zinc industry is
hazardous in nature due to the presence of toxic elements such as lead
(1.9±0.023%), zinc (8.24 ±0.075%), sulphur (12.23±0.2%), cadmium
(317±23.8ppm), chromium (178±24.7 ppm) and copper (1043±25.7 ppm) and
thus becomes a major environmental concern. Attempts were made to recycle
the hazardous jarosite waste using coal combustion residues (CCRs) as an
additive. Optimization of solidified sintered jarosite waste composite
characteristics was performed to illustrate the potentials of hazardous jarosite
waste as a raw material in making building construction elements like bricks /
blocks. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model was employed to
viii M.J. Balart Murria
optimize the process for maximizing product quality using classic mixture
approach, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least squares techniques.
Further, validation and interpretation of the results was done graphically using
contour plots, trace plots and 3D graphs followed by numerical optimization
using desirability functions. The results revealed from the statistical analysis
of the resulting compressive strength, water absorption, shrinkage, density,
leachate concentration of Pb, Cd and other toxic elements in the jarosite waste
composite bricks were found to have laudable agreement with actual
performance. Moreover, the concentrations of toxic elements were below the
prescribed limits of United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
Toxicity Characteristics Leachate Procedure (TCLP) standard and also the
engineering properties of the composite products met the quality standards
required for use in construction applications.
Chapter 3-Chemical stabilization is an in situ remediation method that
uses inexpensive amendments to reduce contaminant´s availability in polluted
soil. Amendments may adsorb, bind or co-precipitate the contaminating
elements. Cadmium (Cd) is known as more mobile and soluble than many
other potentially trace element in soils. Furthermore, it has been identified as a
major toxic element reaching the food chain, directly through crop uptake or
indirectly through animal transfer. Recently there has been increasing interest
in the immobilization of Cd using a range of inorganic compounds, such as
lime and phosphate compounds, or organic compounds, such as biosolids
compost. In this chapter, the feasibility of using these amendments to
immobilize Cd in Cd-contaminated soils is discussed.
Chapter 4-Management ofhazardous waste containing toxic metals has
become a matter of concern worldwide. Cadmium is one such element mainly
found in earth‘s crust in combination with zinc and is also available in large
concentrations in the residual hazardous waste generated by anthropogenic
means. It is considered a highly noxious pollutant due to its possible direct
environmental and health risks associated with exposure of humans through
various means. Besides natural sources, such as weathering and erosion of
rocks, volcanic activity and forest fires, three of the major industries namely-
pigments, electroplating and battery production and their utilization are
principal contributors to the release of huge quantity of cadmium
in wastewater as well as in solid waste. Thus, there is an evident need to
minimize cadmium that is being used in various products. The inertization of
cadmium not only ensures that cadmium will be kept out of the waste stream
and out of the environment, but it also conserves valuable natural resources as
well.