Major soils and soil regions in the Netherlands PDF
Preview Major soils and soil regions in the Netherlands
Major soils and soil regions in the Netherlands Major soils and soil regions in the Netherlands H. de Bakker Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen, the Netherlands Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. ISBN 978-94-009-9986-2 ISBN 978-94-009-9984-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-009-9984-8 Dr W. Junk © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1978 Springer-Science+Business Media, B.VDr W. Junk B.V. Publishers, The Hague, the Netherlands, Boston, U.S.A., London, U.K. and Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wagellingen, the Netherlands, 1978. Design: Pudoc, Wageningen Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 'Man and soil were made to be partners on the earth. . . man would take his partner for better not worse, for richer not poorer, not for sickness but health until death do them join.' H. S. Gibbs, 1960 Contents Foreword ........................................................ . 1 Introduction ..................................................... . 2 Environmental conditions ......................................... . 3 Parent material .............................................. . 4 Climate ..................................................... . 9 Time .............................. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 10 Topography .................................................. . 11 Biotic factors ................................................ . 13 Soil geographic districts ........................................... . 16 Marine district ............................................... . 16 Fluviatile district ............................................. . 24 Drained lakes and peat uplands district ......................... . 30 Cut-over raised bogs district ................................... . 34 Anthropogenic soils ........................................... . 39 Pleistocene sandy district ......................................· 48 Loess district ................................................. . 54 Soils - discussion and classification ................................ . 60 Soils of the marine district: Ml .................................... . 62 Soils of the marine district: M2 66 Soils of the marine district: M3 70 Soils of the marine district: M4 74 Soils of the marine district: M5 78 Soils of the marine district: M6 82 Soils of the marine district: M7 .................................... . 86 Soils of the fluviatile district: F I ................................... . 90 Soils of the fluviatile district: F2 ................................... . 94 Soils of the fluviatile district: F3 ................................... . 98 Soils of the drained lakes and peat uplands district: LPl .............. . 102 Soils of the drained lakes and peat uplands district: LP2 .............. . 106 Soils of the drained lakes and peat uplands district: LP3 .............. . 110 Soils of the cut-over raised bogs district: RBI ....................... . 114 Soils of the cut-over raised bogs district: RB2 ....................... . 118 Soils of the cut-over raised bogs district: RB3 ....................... . 122 Soils of the cut-over raised bogs district: RB4 ....................... . 126 Soils of the cut-over raised bogs district: RB5 ....................... . 130 Anthropogenic soils: Al ........................................... . 134 Anthropogenic soils: A2 ........................................... . 138 Anthropogenic soils: A3 ........................................... . 142 Anthropogenic soils: A4 ........................................... . 146 Anthropogenic soils: A5 ........................................... . 150 Soils of the Pleistocene sandy district: Pl ........................... . 154 Soils of the Pleistocene sandy district: P2 ........................... . 158 Soils of the Pleistocene sandy district: P3 ........................... . 162 Soils of the Pleistocene sandy district: P4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Soils of the Pleistocene sandy district: P5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Soils of the Pleistocene sandy district: P6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Soils of the loess district: L 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Soils of the loess district: L2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Soils of the loess district: L3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Appendix 1: Terminology and spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Appendix 2: Analytical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Appendix 3: Quotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Appendix 4: Sources of text figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Foreword Soil science in the Netherlands puts strong emphasis on the relationship between parent material and soil formation, and between physiographic conditions and land use. This approach, developed by the late Professor Dr C. H. Edelman ( 1903-1964), is quite understandable in a country where soils have to a great extent developed from alluvial and aeolian materials of recent geological origin. Dutch soil scientists have paid much attention to pedogenesis in fresh sediments, known as 'initial soil formation' or 'ripening', and to groundwater as a soil forming factor. Furthermore, human influence on soil genesis, in this land of man-made soils, has been tho roughly investigated. 'Major soils and soil regions in the Netherlands' clearly reflects these specific features of soils work in this country. In his book, Mr H. de Bakker, Head of the Soil Classification Section of the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute (Stichting voor Bodemkartering) addresses the special interests of foreign soil scientists and of students of earth sciences. The author examines representative soil profiles not only with respect to the Netherlands' system of soil classification-of which he is the co-author-but also in terms of some of the major classification systems used in other countries. It appears that a well characterized soil profile may find a very different place in various classifications and that even for a trained specialist it is often difficult to arrive at a specific determination within a given system. This difficulty applies especially to soils from recent deposits which constitute a major proportion of the soil pattern of the Netherlands and have been intensively studied in this country. Elsewhere they are often lumped together in broader units with no provision being made for detailed subdivisions. Although Mr de Bakker's interpretation may not always be agreed upon by other colleagues, the excellent descriptions and this remarkably illustrated review of 'Netherlands' soils in colour' should promote further correlation. It is hoped that this work will lead to a better understanding and a streamlining of 'pedological language' used to compare soils in different parts of the world and to assess their suitability for various types of land use. R. Dudal, Director Land and Water Development Division Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy 2 Introduction The thirty two colour plates of Dutch soils around which this book is built, were originally published in a series of articles in a Dutch periodical (Tijdschrift der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Heidemaatschappij) between 1964 and 1966. Each article contained a colour plate with an accompanying profile description, an account of the geography of the soil and an appraisal of the analytical data together with an oblique aerial photograph in black and white of a suitable landscape with explanation. The main purpose of these articles has been to introduce the system of soil classification for the Netherlands and its new nomenclature (De Bakker & Schel ling, 1966), which is currently being used on the 1 : 50 000 Soil Map of the Netherlands (Stichting voor Bodemkartering, 1964- .. ). Recently these articles were revised and published in a book (De Bakker & Edelman-Vlam, 1976). Like the articles it was written for students, teachers (the plates are made available as slides) and scientists with a knowledge of the ge ography and history of the Netherlands. In printing the plates for the Dutch book, it was thought worthwhile to use the same colour plates for an English edition. It was not thought practical to translate the original, so a new text has evolved. This text not only discusses the soils but also the environmental conditions and seven soil regions in theN etherlands; these chapters are designed to give the reader a background knowledge of the Nether lands, its history of reclamation, settlement and agriculture. The main part of the book, the chapter 'Soils', gives a detailed appraisal of the soils, their genesis, classification, location and development. Since the American Yearbook of Agri culture (USDA, 1938), the Soil Map of Europe (Dudal et al., 1%6) and the Bestimmungsbuch of Kubiena (1953) soil classification has developed consider ably: e.g. Soil Taxonomy (SSS, 1975), the Soil Map of the World (FAO, 1974) and Miickenhausen et al., 1977). In view ofthis development ample attention is devo ted in the chapter' Soils' to the place of the discussed soils in severql systems of soil classification (c f. p. 60). '
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