Maha Mahmoud Ali Mohammed

214 Pages·2012·1.42 MB·English

The Possible Protective Role of Foeniculum
vulgare Mill. Against Radiation-Induced Certain
Biochemical Changes in Albino Rats.

Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Science
Beni-Suif University
In Partial Fulfillment of
Master Degree of Science

BY
Maha Mahmoud Ali Mohammed
B.Sc. Zoology and Chemistry

Under Supervision of
Prof. Dr. Nour El-Din Amin Mohamed

Professor of Biological chemistry
Drug Radiation Research Department
National Center for Radiation
Research and Technology
Atomic Energy Authority

Dr.Osama Mohamed Ahmed Dr.Eman Salah Abdel-Reheim
Assistant Professor of Physiology Assistant professor of Physiology
Faculty of Science Faculty of Science
Beni-Suif University Beni-Suif University

Zoology Department

Faculty of Science
Beni-Suef University
2010
Title of the M. Sc. Thesis
The Possible Protective Role of Foeniculum vulgare
Mill. Against Radiation Induced Certain Biochemical
Changes in Albino Rats.

Name of Candidate
Maha Mahmoud Ali Mohammed
B.Sc. Zoology and Chemistry

For Partial Fulfillment of the Master Degree of Science in Zoology

Submitted to Zoology Department, Faculty of Science,
Beni – Suef University

Supervision Committee
1. Prof. Dr. Nour El-Din Amin Mohamed
Professor of Biological chemistry- Drug Radiation Research Department-
National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT) - Atomic
Energy Authority.

2. Dr. Osama Mohamed Ahmed
Assistant Professor of Physiology- Department of Zoology- Faculty of
Science- Beni-Suef University.

3. Dr. Eman Salah Abdel-Reheim
Assistant Professor of Physiology- Department of Zoology- Faculty of
Science- Beni-Suef University.
Studied by the candidate

Beside the work presented in this thesis, the candidate has
attended and passed successfully the following post-graduate courses
as a partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science during the
academic year 2005/ 2006:-
-Haematology.
-Water and Mineral's Metabolism.
-Histology and Histochemistry.
-Cell Biology and Immunology.
-Radiobiology.
-Systemic Zoology.
-Neurophysiology.
-Endocrinology and Coordination.
-Reproduction Physiology.
-Sensory Physiology and Animal Behavior.
-Biochemistry.
-Toxicology.
-Fresh water Ecology and Physiology.
-Muscle Physiology.
-Respiration and Excretion.
-Biostatistics.
Contents Page
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………… I
List of abbreviations ………………………………………………………... Ii
List of tables ………………………………………………………………… Iii
List of figures……………………………………………………………...… Iv
Abstract……………………………………………………………………… V
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… 1-4
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
2.1. Radiation and its types………………….………….............. 5
2.1.1. Types of ionizing radiation……………………….…………................ 5
2.1.1.1. Alpha particles ………………................................................. 6
2.1.1.2. Beta particles …………………................................................ 6
2.1.1.3. Gamma ray ………………………………………………...… 6
2.1.1.4. X-ray …………………………………………………............ 7
2.1.2. Types of non-ionizing radiation……………………………………….. 7
2.1.3. Biological effects of ionizing radiation………………………….......... 8
2.1.3.1. Direct interaction………………………….............................. 8
2.1.3.2. Indirect interaction………………………................................ 9
2.1.4. Chemical consequences of ionizing radiation……………………........ 10
2.1.5. Effects of ionizing radiation on liver functions……………………….. 11
2.1.6. Effects of ionizing radiation on protein profile……………………….. 12
2.1.7. Effects of ionizing radiation on renal functions………………………. 13
2.1.8. Effects of ionizing radiation on lipid metabolisms…………………… 14
2.1.9. Effects of ionizing radiation on serum testosterone………………….. 16
2.1.10. Effects of ionizing radiation on antioxidant defense status…………. 17
2. 2. Essential trace elements………………………………….. 22
2.2.1. Trace elements in radiation hazards: (Radiation Protection and 24
Recovery with essential metalloelements)……………………….....
2.2.1.1. Role of zinc in radiation protection and recovery………………….. 25
- Effect of gamma-irradiation on Zn metabolism……………………. 27
2.2.1.2. Role of copper in radiation protection and recovery……………….. 27
- Effect of gamma-irradiation on Cu metabolism……………………. 28
2.2.1.3. Role of iron in radiation protection and recovery………………..…. 29
- Effect of gamma-irradiation on Fe metabolism…………………….. 30
2.2.1.4. Role of selenium in radiation protection and recovery…………….... 31
- Effect of gamma-irradiation on Se metabolism……………………... 33
2.2.1.5. Role of calcium in radiation protection and recovery…………......... 33
- Effect of gamma-irradiation on Ca metabolism…………………….. 34
2.2.1.6. Role of magnesium in radiation protection and recovery…………… 35
- Effect of gamma-irradiation on Mg metabolism………………......... 35
2.2.1.7. Role of manganese in radiation protection and recovery……………. 36
- Effect of gamma-irradiation on Mn metabolism…………………….. 37
2.3. Role of Medicine plants in Radiation Recoveries……….. 38
2.3.1. Chemical constituents of Foeniculum vulgare Mill……………. 40
2.3.2. Absorption, metabolism and excretion………………………… 41
2.3.3. Mechanism of action…………………………………………… 42
2.3.4. Biological efficacy of Foeniculumm vulgare Mill……………… 43
3. AIM and Objectives………………………………. 47

4. MATERIALS & METHODS……………………….. 48

4.1. Materials……………………………………………………………. 48
48
4.1.1. Experimental Animals……………………………………………
48
4.1.2. Radiation processing………………………………......................
48
4.1.3. Treatment…………………………………………………………
48
4.1.4. Sampling………………………………………………………….
48
4.1.4.1. Blood samples……………………………………………
49
4.1.4.2. Tissue sampling………………………………………….
49
4.1.5. Chemicals…………………………………………………………
50
4.1.6. Apparatus………………………………………………………....
50
4.1.7. Experimental design (animal grouping)…..………………….......

4. 2. Methods……………………………………………………..
51
4.2.1. Assay of various biochemical parameters in serum…….
51
4.2.1.1. Determination of ALT activity…………………………………
51
4.2.1.2. Determination of AST activity…………………………….…...
51
4.2.1.3. Determination of ALP activity…………………………………
52
4-2.1.4. Determination of bilirubin activity………………………….….
52
4.2.1.5. Determination of total protein concentration………………...…
53
4.2.1.6. Determination of albumin concentration…………………….…
53
4.2.1.7. Determination of serum globulin concentration and albumin/
53
globulin (A/G) ratio……………………………………………

4.2.1.8. Determination of urea concentration…………………………...
54
4.2.1.9. Determination of creatinine concentration……………………...
54
4.2.1.10. Determination of cholesterol concentration……………………
54
4.2.1.11. Determination of triglyceride concentration ………………….
55
4.2.1.12. Determination of serum testosterone concentration ………….
55
4.2.2. Assay of different variables in tissue homogenate………
56
4.2.2.1. Measurement of lipid peroxidation (LPO)……………………..
56
4.2.2.2. Measurement of metallothioneins (MTs)……………………….
56
4.2.2.3. Determination of glutathione reduced (GSH)…………………..
58
4.2.3. ATOMIC ABSORPTION PHOTOMETERY………….. 58
4.2.3.1. Theory………………………………………………………….. 58
4.2.3.2. Interference…………………………………………………...... 59
4.2.3.3. Instrumentation………………………………………………… 59
4.2.3.4. Sample preparation…………………………………………….. 61
4.2.3.4.1. Tissue samples……………………………………….. 61
4.2.3.4.2. Microwave Digestor Technology……………………. 61
4.2.4. Statistical analysis…………………………………………. 62
5. RESULTS ……………………………………………... 63

6. DISCUSSION ………………………………………… 94

7. SUMMARY & CONCLUSION ………………….. 124

8. REFERENCES ……………………………………….. 126

Arabic summary
Acknowledgement

(First of All, Thanks to GOD)

I can, but inadequately, express my gratitude and sincere thanks to
Professor Dr. Nour El-Din Amin Mohamed, Professor of Biological chemistry,
Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research
and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) for suggesting the
line of research investigated, keen supervision, valuable guidance and
encouragement. He offered deep experience and continuous support.

The candidate expresses his deepest gratitude and sincere appreciation to
Dr. Osama Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed, Assistant Professor of physiology,
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, for his kindness,
valuable advices and for his support throughout this work and supervising this
work being.

I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to Dr. Eman
Salah Abdel-Reheim, Assistant Professor of Physiology, Zoology Department,
Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, for her kindness, valuable advices and
for supervising this work being and encouraging me to the better.

Also, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Ahmed Shafik
Nada, Assistant Professor of physiology, Drug Radiation Research Department,
National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic
Energy Authority (AEA) for his kindness, valuable advices and helping in every
step of this work and encouraging me to the better. He offered all things, effort
and deep experiences to stimulate me and push me forward.

I
Acknowledgement

A special word of gratefulness is directed to the head and all members of
the department of Drug Radiation Research for their constant help and
encouragement.

I would like to give my appreciation to the head and all my colleagues at
various scientific and technical divisions of National Center for Radiation
Research and Technology (NCRRT) with special reference to the staff member of
gamma irradiation unit for their unforgettable cooperation in carrying out
experimental irradiation.

Finally, thanks are expressed to the members of Zoology Department,
Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University.

I must offer my truly deepest appreciation and heartily thanks for my
father, mother, brothers, sisters and my friends for their great help and support.

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List of Abbreviations

ALP Alkaline phosphatase
ALT Alanine transaminases
ANOVA Analysis of variance
AODS Antioxidant defense system
AST Aspartate transaminases
b.wt. Body weight
CAT Catalase
Ch Cholesterol
Cp Ceruplasmin
CYP Cytochrome P450
DDC Diethyl dithiocarbamate
DNA Diribonucleic acid
DPPH 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl
DSB Double strand breaks
DTNB 5, 5 dithiobis (2- nitrobenzoic acid)
FEO Foeniculum vulgare essential oil
FSٍ Fennel seed
FV Foeniculum vulgare
G-6-PD Glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase
G.F.R Glumerular filtration rate
GGT Gamma glutamyl-transferase
GPX Gluathione peroxide
GSH Reduced glutathione
GSHpx Glutathione peroxidase
GSSG Oxidized glutathione
GST Glutathione S- transferase
Gy Gray
H O Hydrogen peroxide
2 2
HDL-C High density lipoprotein cholesterol
HMG-COA 3- Hydroxyl - 3- methyl glutaryl coenzyme A
I.P Interperitonial
LDH Lactate dehydrogenase
LDH-X Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme
Ii
List of Abbreviations

LDL-C Low density lipoprotein cholesterol
LPO Lipid peroxidation
MAPK Mitogen activated protein kinase
MDA Malondialdehyde
Mn-SOD Manganese superoxide dismutase
mRNA Messenger ribonucleic acid
MTs Metallothionieins
NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen
NL Naïve lymphocyte
NO Nitric oxide
NO· Nitric oxide radical
NOS Nitric oxide synthase
O - Superoxide radical
2
OH· Hydroxyl radical
ONOO- Peroxynitrite
PKC Protein Kinase C
ROS Reactive oxygen species
SOD Superoxide dismutase
TBA Thiobarbituric acid
TBARS Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance
TCA Trichloroacetic acid
TC Total cholesterol
TG Triglyceride
TNF Tumor necrosis factor

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