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Lecture Notes in Energy 19 Thomas J. Dolan Editor Magnetic Fusion Technology Lecture Notes in Energy Volume 19 For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8874 Thomas J. Dolan Editor Magnetic Fusion Technology Co-authors Jana Brotankova Lee C. Cadwallader Alan E. Costley Denis P. Ivanov Wallace Manheimer Mario Merola Ralph W. Moir Martin J. Neumann Alexander Parrish Lester M. Waganer 123 Editor ThomasJ. Dolan NPREDepartment Universityof Illinois Urbana,IL USA ISSN 2195-1284 ISSN 2195-1292 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4471-5555-3 ISBN 978-1-4471-5556-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-5556-0 Springer LondonHeidelberg New YorkDordrecht LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013950720 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagLondon2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface ThisbookisarevisionofthetechnologychaptersofFusionResearch(Pergamon Press, 1982) by Dolan. The present book covers only magnetic confinement, not inertial confinement, with emphasis on the ITER project (originally called the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), which is under construction in Cadarache, France by an international collaboration, including the People’s RepublicofChina,theEuropeanUnion,India,Japan,TheRepublicofKorea, the Russian Federation, and the United States. This book is intended to serve as a textbook for graduate students and advanced undergraduates, and also as a ref- erence book for those working in one area offusion research to learn about other areas. Each chapter has a summary, objectives, homework problems, references, andreviewquestions.Sincethefusionresearchfieldsuffersfromexcessiveuseof abbreviations (EUA) the Appendices provide a List of Abbreviations, in addition to Units Conversions, Constants, Error Function, Vector Relations, Table of Symbols,andAnswerstoProblems.ITERismentionedinalmosteverysection,so it is cited sparingly in the Topic Index to avoid overcrowding that entry. Some information, such as thermal stress, appears in more than one place. Fusion research has suffered from restrictive budgets worldwide, and from cancellation of many successful or planned projects in the USA (EBT-P, FMIT, MFTF-B, TFTR, SSPX, ALCATOR-CMOD, LDX, NCSX,…). It might cost the world *5 G$ per year for 40 more years to develop fusion energy. This 200 G$ over40 yearsmaysoundlikealargesum,butitislessthantheUSmilitaryspends in 4 months. Although fusion technology is curtailed economically, it is making steadyprogresstowardsthegoalofsafe,cleanenergywithabundant,inexpensive fuel. To help improve the next edition please send me your comments on Errors Suggested additional paragraphs, figures, tables, and references Suggested homework problems and solutions. v vi Preface Thomas J. Dolan [email protected] Theviewsandopinionsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilyreflectthoseofthe ITER Organization. Acknowledgments LesWaganer,AlexParrish,MarioMerola,andothershavehelpedtoeditmuchof the book. Renate Pfalzer, Andrew Groll, Luke Livers, Josh Sitrick, Matt Jasica, andStevenGourleyhelpedwithcopyrightrequests,research,ortyping.Kyung-Jin Kim provided homework problem answers. Charlou Dolan drew many of the figures and edited the previous edition. ThemainAuthorisgratefultothefollowingpeopleandinstitutionsforsupport during the writing of this book: Jim Stubbins, University of Illinois; Wen-Hao Wang, Tsinghua University, Beijing; Jian-gang Li, Academica Sinica Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei; Xu-ru Duan, Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu; Prediman Kaw, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India; Yong Seok Hwang, SeoulNationalUniversity,SouthKorea;andJohnKrohn,ArkansasTech University. Many experts have contributed text, references, figures, or comments, as indicated below. Familyname Firstname Chapters André Julien 9 Baker Charles 1,2,5,13 Bird Mark 1,3,4 Boccaccini Lorenzo 6,7 Bradshaw Alex 12 Brandt Bruce 3,4 Brotankova Jana 11 Cadwallader Lee 12,13 Chen Francis Outline Cho Teruji 1,2,5,6,11,14 Claessens Michel Various Cohen Adam 8,12,14 Cross Tim 4 DenHartog Daniel 11 Donné A. 11 El-Guebaly Laila 6,12 Fietz Walter 4 (continued) vii viii Acknowledgments (continued) Familyname Firstname Chapters Fisch Nat 5 Forsen Harold 1,13 Han Jung-Hoon 12–14 Huguet Michel 3,4,6,13 Hwang Yeong-Sok 7 Ihli Tomas 6,7 Ivanov DenisPetrovich 4 Iwasa Yukikazu 4 Jiang Jieqiong 13,14 Kamendje Richard 7 Karcher James 1–6 Kim Hyuck-Jong 12–14 Kim Kyung-Jin HWsolutions Kurnaev Valery 8 Larbalestier David 4 Lee PeterJ. 4 Longhurst Glen 12 Mahdavi Ali 7 Malang Siegfried 6 Manheimer Wally 14 Miller Ron 13 Minervini Joseph 4 Mitchell Neil 12 Moir Ralph 14 Muraoka Katsunori 1,2,11,13,14 Najmabadi Farrokh 13 Neumann Martin 9 Overskei David Misc. Parrish Alexander All Pradhan Subrata 1 Raffray Rene 7 Raman Roger 4,5,11,13,14 Ruzic David Liwall Schneider Ursula 4,9,10 Sen Abhijit 1 Sharafat Shahram 7 Sheffield John 2,11,13,14 Shrestha Joshi 1,2 Simonen Tom 2 Singer Clifford 5 Stansfield Barry 1 Stubbins Jim 8 Swenson CharlesAllen 3 Taylor Neil 12,13 Tillack Mark 6 (continued) Acknowledgments ix (continued) Familyname Firstname Chapters vanOost Guido 11 Voitsenya Vladimir 6,9 Waganer Les All Wang Xuren 13 Wesson John 5,7 Woodruff Simon 1 Wu Yican 13 Zakharov Leonid 7 Zanino Roberto 1 Zinkle Steve 8 Zucchetti Massimo 6,12 Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Thomas J. Dolan and Alexander Parrish 1.1 Why Develop Fusion Reactors? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Energy Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 How Can We Make Fusion Reactors?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1 Nuclear Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.2 Plasma Heating and Confinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.3 Fusion Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.4 Magnetic Confinement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.5 Energy Gain Ratio Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.2.6 Fusion Power Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.2.7 Reactor Power Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.2.8 Effect of Impurities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.2.9 Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.3 What Experiments are Being Conducted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.1 Tokamaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.2 Stellarators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.3.3 Reversed Field Pinches (RFP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.3.4 Spheromaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.3.5 Field Reversed Configurations (FRC) . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.3.6 Magnetic Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.3.7 Inertial Confinement Fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1.4 What has been Accomplished?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.5 What are the Future Plans? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.5.1 International Cooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.5.2 ITER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.5.3 Power Plant Design Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1.7 Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 xi